1997八级改错真题.docx

1997八级改错真题.docx

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1997八级改错真题

1.2010年真题

Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesare

equallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcom-

munication:

thatis,everylanguageappearstobewell1___

equippedasanyothertosaythethingstheirspeakers2___

wanttosay.

Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalk3___

aboutprimitivepeoplesorcultures,butthatisanother

matter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequally

competentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecul-

tivationofrice.Whereasthisisnotthefaultoftheir4___

language.TheEskimos,itissaid,canspeakabout

snowwithfurthermoreprecisionandsubtletythanwe5___

caninEnglish,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolan-

guage（oneofthosesometimesmiscalled'primitive'）

isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.

Thisexampledoesnotcometolightadefectin6___

English,ashowofunexpected'primitiveness'.The

positionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosand

theEnglishliveinsimilarenvironments.7___

TheEnglishlanguagewillbejustasrichinterms8___

fordifferentkindsofsnowiftheenvironmentsin

whichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinc-

tionasimportant.9__

Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEs-

kimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthe

subjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopics

formedthepartoftheEskimos'life.10__

2.2009年真题

Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklya

rhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextand

illustratesthefurtherdifferencebetweenschoollore1__________

andnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntin

earlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhen2__________

thelittlelistenerhasgrownup,andhaschildrenof

theirown,orevengrandchildren.Theperiodbetween3__________

learninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybe

somethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplayground4__________

lore,therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedon5__________

withintheveryhouritislearnt;andinthegeneral,6__________

itpassesbetweenchildrenofthesameage,ornearly

so,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinage

betweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If,

therefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohave

beencurrentlyforahundredyears,orevenjustforfifty,7__________

itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittingoverandover;8__________

verypossiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoor

threehundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewon-

deristhatitremainsliveaftersomuchhandling,9__________

toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetotheoriginal10__________

wording.

3.2008年真题

Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnational

identityisaverynaturalone,andinresultlanguage1__________

hasplayedaprominentpartinnationalmoves.Men2__________

haveoftenfelttheneedtocultivateagivenlanguage

toshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanotherrace3__________

whosehegemonytheyresent.Atthetimethe4___________

UnitedStatessplitofffromBritain,forexample,there

wereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguistic-

allyacceptedbytheuseofadifferentlanguagefrom5__________

thoseofBritain.Therewasevenoneproposalthat6__________

AmericansshouldadoptHebrew.Othersfavouredthe

adoptionofGreek,thought,asonemanputit,things

wouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansifthey

stuckontoEnglishandmadetheBritishlearnGreek.7__________

Attheend,aseveryoneknows,thetwocountries8__________

adoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolutionof

carryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.9__________

Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhave

showntheworldthatpoliticalindependenceandna-10__________

tionalidentitycanbecompletewithoutsacrificingthe

enormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.

4.2007年真题

Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthat

noonecanmakeverypositivestatementsabouthow

languageoriginated.Thereisnomaterialinanylan-

guagetodayandintheearliestrecordsofancientlan-1_____________

guagesshowuslanguageinanewandemergingstate.2_____________

Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguageoriginated3_____________

incriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,andthe4_____________

necessaryevidenceisentirelylacking:

thereareno

remotetribes,noancientrecords,providingevidence

ofalanguagewithalargeproportionofsuchcriesthan

wefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsenceofsuch5_____________

evidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butinother6____________

groundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.Peopleof

allracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilarnoisesin

returntopainorpleasure.Thefactthatsuchnoises

aresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysians7____________

whoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,servesto

emphasizeonthefundamentaldifferencebetween8____________

thesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemaysaythat

thecriesofpainorchortlesofamusementarelargely

reflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,whereaslanguage9____________

properdoesnotconsistofsignsbutofthesethat10___________

havetobelearntandthatarewhollyconventional.

5.2006年真题

Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommu-

nicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshares

withthecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwords

andmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsastothe1___________

wayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconvey2____________

aparticularmessage;theEnglishspeakerhasinhis

disposalavocabularyandasetofgrammaticalrules3____________

whichenableshimtocommunicatehisthoughtsand4____________

feelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish5____________

speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththat

whichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognizes,

increasesinsizeashegrowsold,asaresultofeduca-6___________

tionandexperience.But,whetherthelanguagestore

isrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystemremainsno

morethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindividual,

beseenbyanothermemberofhislinguisticcommunity;7___________

hehastogivethesystemaconcretetransmission

form.Wetakeitforgrantedthetwomostcommon8____________

formsoftransmission—bymeansofsoundsproduced

byourvocalorgans（speech）orbyvisualsigns（writing）.9____________

Andtheseareamongmoststrikingofhuman10___________

achievements.

6.2005年真题

Anumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteeptuitionincreasesfornextyear—

muchsteeperthanthecurrent,verylow,rateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbe-

causeofalossinvalueofuniversityendowments

heavilyinvestingincommonstock.Iamskeptical.1）__________

Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizes

itsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinincome;2）__________

andincreasinglytileoutlookofuniversitiesintheUnited

Statesisindistinguishablefromthoseofbusiness3）__________

firms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomic4）__________

uncertaintyincreasesthedemandforeducation.The

biggestcostofbeingintheschoolisforegoingincome5）___________

fromajob（thisprimarilyafactoringraduate—and

professional—schooltuition）:

thepoorone’sjobpros-6）___________

pects,themoresenseitmakestoreallocatetimefrom

thejobmarkettoeducation,inordertomakeoneself

moremarketable.

Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractive7）___________

tostudentsincludesoftmajors,studentevaluations

ofteachers,givingstudentsagovernancerole,

andeliminaterequiredcourses,Sky-hightuitionshave8）____________

causeduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.

Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortenthe9）____________

rigorsofcompetition,universitiescolludetominimize

thecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,theIvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurelyofneed—justlike

businessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheir10）____________

bestcustomer.

7.2004年真题

Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctions

oftheU.S.Congressisthepowertoinvestigate.

Thispowerisusuallydelegatedtocommittees—either

standingcommittees,specialcommitteessetforaspecific1）___________

purpose,orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersof2）___________

bothhouses.Investigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedforfuturelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed,toinquireintothe

qualificationsandperformanceofmembersand

officialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,3）___________

tolaythegroundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.

Frequently,committeesrelyoutsideexpertstoassist4）___________

inconductinginvestigativehearingsandtomakeout5）___________

detailedstudiesofissues.

Thereareimportantcorollariestotheinvestigative

power.Oneisthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsandits6）__________

results.Mostcommitteehearingsareopentopublic7）___________

andarereportedwidelyinthemassmedia.Congressional

investigationsneverthelessrepresentoneimportant8）____________

toolavailabletolawmakerstoinformthecitizenry

andtoarousepublicinterestsinnational