高考英语真题分项解析专题16+科普类说明文.docx

高考英语真题分项解析专题16+科普类说明文.docx

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高考英语真题分项解析专题16+科普类说明文

专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文

1.【2015·湖北卷】D

Theoddnessoflifeinspaceneverquitegoesaway.Herearesomeexamples.

Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.Themainquestioniswhetheryouwantyourarmsinsideoroutsidethesleepingbag.Ifyouleaveyourarmsout,theyfloatfreeinzerogravity,oftengivingasleepingastronautthelookofafunnyballed（芭蕾）dancer.“I’maninsideguy,”MikeHopkinssays,whoreturnedfromasix-monthtourontheInternationalSpaceStation.“Iliketobewrappedup.”

Onthestation,theordinarybecomesstrange.TheexercisebikefortheAmericanastronautshasnohandlebars.Italsohasnoseat.Withnogravity,it’sjustaseasytopedalviolently.Youcanwatchamoviewhileyoupedalbyfloatingamicrocomputeranywhereyouwant.Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Withoutgravitytohelpcirculateair,thecarbondioxideyouexhale（呼气）hasatendencytoformaninvisible（隐形的）cloudaroundyouhead.Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbon-dioxideheadache.

LeroyChiao,54,anAmericanretiredastronautafterfourflights,describeswhathappensevenbeforeyoufloatoutofyourseat,”Yourinnerearthinksyour’refalling.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou’restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying—that’swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”Withinacoupledays—trulyterribledaysforsome—astronauts’brainslearntoignorethepanickysignalsfromtheinnerear,andspacesicknessdisappears.

Spacetravelcanbesodelightfulbutatthesametimeinvisiblydangerous.Forinstance,astronautslosebonemass.That’swhyexerciseisconsideredsovitalthatNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration（NASA）putsitrightontheworkdayschedule.Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasitisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronautsreturnhome,and,moreimportantly,howtomaintainstrengthandfitnessforthetwoandahalfyearsormorethatitwouldtaketomakearound-triptoMars.

63.Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?

A.Decidingonapropersleepposition

B.Choosingacomfortablesleepingbag

C.Seekingawaytofallasleepquickly

D.Findingarighttimetogotosleep.

64.Theastronautswillsufferfromacarbon-dioxideheadachewhen_____.

 A.theycirclearoundontheirbikes

B.theyusemicrocomputerswithoutastop

C.theyexerciseinoneplaceforalongtime

D.theywatchamoviewhilepedaling

65.Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdaysbecause_____.

A.theirsensesstopworking

B.theyhavetostandupstraight

C.theyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedly

D.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation

66.OneoftheNASA’smajorconcernsaboutastronautsis_____.

A.howmuchexercisetheydoonthestation

B.howtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspace

C.whethertheycanrecoverafterreturninghome

D.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation

【解析】

试题分析：

这是一篇说明文。

本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：

在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。

最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。

63.A细节理解题。

根据第二段第一、二句“Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。

故选A项。

64.C细节理解题。

根据第三段中“Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.…Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbon-dioxideheadache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。

故选C项。

65.D细节理解题。

根据第四段中“Yourinnerearthinksyou’refailing.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou’restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying-that’swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。

故选D项。

66.B细节理解题。

根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronauthealthy…NASAisworriedabouttwothings:

…and,moreimportantly,howmaintainstrengthandfitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。

故选B项。

【考点定位】说明文阅读

【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。

考生应注意：

1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。

2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。

科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。

导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。

背景交待一个事实的起因。

主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。

结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。

3.在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。

2.【2015·北京卷】C

LifeintheClear

Transparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlightcanreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,“Theseanimalslivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey’reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”

Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbecomesee-through?

It’strickierthanyoumightthink.

Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter（散射）light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily.

Butatransparentobjectdoesn’tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch,Lightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingorstopping.Thatmeansatransparentobjectdoesn’tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon’tseeit----youseethethingsbehindit.

Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments（色素）thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparentanimaldoesn’thavepigments,soitstissueswon’tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.

Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials----skin,fat,andmore----andlightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparentanimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissuetoscatterlight,itiseasiertobesee—through.Othersbuildalarge,clearmassofnon-livingjelly-lie（果冻状的）materialandspreadthemselvesoverit.

Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey’redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclearfortheselargeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactiveprocess.Whentheydie,theyturnanon-transparentmilkywhite.

63.AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentanimals_______.

A.stayingroupsB.canbeeasilydamaged

C.appearonlyindeepoceanD.arebeautifulcreatures

64.Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means__________.

A.silentlyB.gradually

C.regularlyD.completely

65.Onewayforananimaltobecometransparentisto________.

A.changethedirectionoflighttravel

B.gathermaterialstoscatterlight.

C.avoidtheabsorptionoflight

D.growbiggertostoplight.

66.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimals________.

A.movemoreslowlyindeepwater

B.staysee-throughevenafterdeath

C.producemoretissuesfortheirsurvival

D.takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreading

【解析】

试题分析：

文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。

63.B细节理解题。

文章第一段第三行：

Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch。

得知B选项：

透明动物是很容易受伤的。

故选B。

64.D词义猜测题。

该词出现在文章第三段第三行。

前文提到了：

你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。

既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。

故选D。

65.C推理判断题。

根据第五段第一句Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight。

可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。

故选C。

66.D推理判断题。

根据最后一段第一句中的makeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes可以推断出D为正确答案。

其中slowdown对应reduce。

故选D。

【考点定位】科技类说明文

【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能：

理解语篇主旨要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义，根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。

此次出现了新型科技类说明文。

往年科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇，但是今年的“新型耳机”在问题设置上难度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题目。

所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。

3.【2015·江苏】B

IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.

Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcentration（含量）ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinSo-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.

Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.

Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging（包装）itcamein.Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.

TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat“theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrelease.