四级写作 基础训练.docx

四级写作 基础训练.docx

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四级写作基础训练

写作常见类型

⏹1.论说文

discussion类

Problems+reasons+recommendations

advantagesanddisadvantages

⏹2.记叙文

⏹3.应用文（建议信，求职信，投诉信，询问请求信…公告，通知，海报…）

高分作文标准

⏹1.结构完整，文章框架合理清晰，各段详略得当。

（well-organized）

⏹2.文章内容充实，切题，不偏离主题（unity）

⏹3.语言表达正确，流畅，句子段落连贯自然（coherent）

⏹4.措辞句式灵活多变（variety）

Howtoachievevariety?

⏹1.注意句子类型变化，交替使用简单句，并列句与主从复合句

（1）simplesentence:

containsonlyoneindependentclause

e.g.Honestyanddiligenceshouldbeyoureternalmates.

（2）compoundsentence:

containstwoormoreindependentclauses

Theseindependentclausesjointogetherinanyofthefollowingways.

①…;…

e.g.Onlinelearningisnoteasierthanregularclassroomstudy;itrequiresmuchtime,commitmentanddisciplinetokeepupwiththeflowofthecourse.

⏹②…,coordinateconj.…

coordinateconj.:

（and,or,nor,for,so,yet,but）

e.g.OnceinawhileIcriedwithfrustration,andsometimesIevenfeltlikegivingup.

⏹③…;asentenceconnector,…

asentenceconnector:

（however,whereas,incontrast,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,therefore…..）

e.g.IwaseagertostudyEnglish;however,thesituationwasfarfromperfect.

★avoidcommaslice（串句）

Pollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem,weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.（wrong）

●Pollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem;（,and）weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.

●Pollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem；therefore，weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.

●Sincepollutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem,weshouldtakestepstocontrolit.

⑶complexsentence；；containoneindependentclauseandoneormoredependentclause.

e.g.

⏹Ifyoukeepyourmindopentoyourparents,you’llfinditeasiertobridgethegenerationgap.

Avoidfragmentarysentence

Weshouldsaynowithouthesitationonsomeoccasions.Forexample,whentherequirementsareillegaloroutofyourreach.（wrong）

改变相应标点：

Weshouldsaynowithouthesitationonsomeoccasions—whentherequirementsareillegaloroutofyourreach.

⏹Insparetime,studentshaveaccesstocolorfulactivities.Togoinforsports,toreadinthelibraryandjoinsomeclubs.（wrong）

加进必要成分变成完整从句：

⏹IlookuponEnglishlearningasadifficultbutrewardingexperience.AexperiencethatIwillnevertradeforanything.（wrong）

⏹IlookuponEnglishlearningasadifficultbutrewardingexperience，whichIwillnevertradeforanything.

⏹不同句子类型间的变换

e.g.主从复合句转化为带有非谓语的简单句：

Thelawcanpunishthosewhoproduceorsellfakecommodities.

Thelawcanpunishthoseproducingorsellfakecommodities.

Theadvancedtechnologyandcompetitivesocietycallonuscollegestudentstokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinsciencesothatwewillnotbeeliminated.

Theadvancedtechnologyandcompetitivesocietycallonuscollegestudentstokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinsciencesoasnottobeeliminated.

⏹主从复合句与并列句的转换

Iwasjustgoingtoexplainwhenthebellrang.

Iwasjustgoingtoexplain,andthenthebellrang.

Ifyougooutofyourownculture,youcanwatchtheworldandyourselfformdifferentangles.

Gooutofyourownculture,andyoucanwatchtheworldandyourselfformdifferentangles.

⏹简单句与并列句的转换

Therequirementisveryhigh,soIcannotreachit.

Therequirementistoohighformetoreach.

⏹2.长短句错落有致，搭配合理

e.g.

Abasicreasonfordivorceisthatsomepeoplearenotreallyreadyformarriage,perhapsbecausetheyarestillestablishingthemselvesintheircareersandhaven’thadenoughtimetogettoknowthemselvesandmanymembersoftheoppositesex,butfamilypressuresmakethemfeelthatsomethingiswrongwiththemastheyarenotmarried,andsotheymarryinhastewithoutknowingeachotherwell.

句子长而复杂，没有适当断句，缺乏层次感，语义模糊

Abasicreasonfordivorceisthatsomepeoplearenotreallyreadyformarriage.Astheyarestillestablishingthemselvesintheircareersandhaven’thadenoughtimetogettoknowthemselvesandmanymembersoftheoppositesex.However,familypressuresmakethemfeelthatsomethingiswrongwiththemastheyarenotmarried.Sotheymarryinhastewithoutknowingeachotherwell.

⏹Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirs.Undersuchcircumstance,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.

⏹Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.

⏹Liesdoharmtothosewhosearebeingtoldlies.Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.

⏹Liesnotonlydoharmtothosewhosearebeingtoldlies,butalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.

⏹Hisfather,whoisasalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.

⏹Hisfather,asalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.

⏹3.注意句子成分顺序排列的多样性，避免过多使用主语—动词谓语—宾语—其他成分。

圆周句与松散句相结合。

Periodicsentence:

modifyelements+mainidea

Loosesentence:

mainidea+modifyelements

modifyelements:

副词，介词短语，状语从句，不定式，分词等

e.g.

⏹Asopposedtojusttakingnotes,studentsshouldparticipateindiscussionsactively.

⏹Studentsshouldparticipateindiscussionsactivelyasopposedtojusttakingnotes.

⏹Ifyoucankeepthelinesofcommunicationopen,you’llfinditeasiertogetalongwellwithyourparents.

⏹You’llfinditeasiertogetalongwellwithyourparentsifyoucankeepthelinesofcommunicationopen.

⏹4.灵活运用各种句式:

倒装强调适当穿插，主动被动合理运用，比较结构的巧妙运用，经典句式作为点睛之笔，适当运用修辞手法，恰当使用格言警句

e.g.

Notonlydidlearninganotherlanguageteachmethevalueofhardwork,butitalsogavemeinsightsintoanotherculture,andmymindwasopenedtonewwaysofseeingthings.

⏹Itwashumanbeings’greed,ignoranceandwastethatledtothedeteriorationoftheenvironment.

⏹Idohopethatyouwillconsidermeforyourposition.

⏹Justasmotherisindispensabletochild,soisstudytoourspirit.

⏹…so（such）…that…

⏹…sothat…

⏹Itis/was+a.+todosth./clause.

⏹…V.+it（形式宾语）+a.（补语）

⏹Thereisnodenyingthat…

⏹Nodoubtsthat….

⏹It’struethat….

⏹Itdoesn’tfollowthat…

⏹Itseemsthat….

⏹Whenitcomesto….

⏹Thereisnopoint/sense…

⏹Itishightimethat…

⏹Somebooksaretobetasted,othersareswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.

⏹Let’salwaysremember“Opportunitiesareonlyforthepreparedmind”and“Nopains,nogains.”

5.遣词用语准确地道，表达方式富于变化

Theradioclickedon.Rockmusicblastedforth.Likeashot,themusicwokeSandy……“Sandy,”shoutedherfather.“Sandy,turnthatmusicoff!

”SteveFinchburstintoherroom.

horrible/awful/offensive/disgusting/tuneless/unpleasant

annoyed,upset/disgusted/bored/

bother/trouble/disturb/interfere/bug/annoy

⏹enhance/strengthen/reinforce/boost/buildup/improve

⏹prosandcons/advantagesanddisadvantages/positiveaspectsandnegativeones/benefitsandproblems（drawbacks）

⏹outweigh/outshine/edgeout

⏹

Howtoachievecoherence?

1.arrangesentencesinlogicalorder上下句之间意义联系紧密，逻辑关系明显

◆deduction（fromgeneralstatementtospecificstatements）

◆induction

◆sequenceoftimeandspace

◆sequenceofimportance….

2.灵活使用代词使意思表达连贯自然

3.恰当使用连接词

常用“表示各种承接关系的表达’’及经典句式

⏹1.time：

nowadays/atpresent/presently/recently/currently/today

meanwhile/atthesametime

eventually/ultimately/finally/atlast/atlength

gradually,suddenly,afterawhile/then/immediately/instantly,soon,soonerorlater,

nowandthen/attimes/sometimes/onceinawhile

nosooner…than…/hardly…when…/Themoment（instant/minute/second）…/

everytime/whenever/nomatterwhen/until/when/before/since/as/after

2.emphasis

inparticular/moreimportantly/mostimportantly/

aboveall/especially/mostofall/worstofall/bestofall

andequallyimportant/lastbutnotleast

Alsoimportantis….

Itisalsoimportanttodosth.

Nothingismoreimportantthan…

Whatismostimportantisthat…

Amoreimportantfactis…

…….isamajorconcern.

…..attachimportance/weightto….

……lay/putimportance/stresson…

…….outweigh….

3.肯定语气的表达

certainly/definitely/surely/absolutely//undoubtedly/indeed/beyondanydoubt/outofquestion/unquestionably/beyondquestion

Thereisnodoubtthat…

Thereisnodenyingthat…

Nodoubtsthat…

It’struethat…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…

Itisundeniablethat….

4.表示“可能，不确定的语气”

⏹It’squitelikelythat…

⏹Itmaywellbethat…

⏹Itremainstobeseen….

⏹Thereiseverychancethat…

⏹Chancesarethat…

⏹Itseemsthat…

Presumably

5.表示“相关”的表达

correspondingly/similarly/likewise/inturn

6.表示“对照比较”的表达

ononehand…ontheotherhand/foronething…foranother…/however/whereas/while/nevertheless/otherwise//incontrast（to/with）/onthecontrary/asopposedto/not…but…

Likewise/similarly/incomparisonwith/

⏹Justas…,so…（正如…,…也一样）

⏹Thesameistrueof/with…（…也是如此）

⏹Viceversa/thereverseistrue（反之亦然）

⏹Itisjusttheotherwayround（…,相反,…）

…theoppositeof…

…nolessthan…/less…than…

…nomore…than…/more…than…

as…as…

bearsimilarities/resemblanceto…

share/have…incommon

7.表示“递进”关系的表达

inaddition/besides/plus/furthermore/moreover/what’smore

8.表示顺序的表达

first…second/then…

Firstly…secondly….Finally

Tobeginwith/inthefirstplace/firstofall

9.表示因果关系的表达

Asaresult/asaconsequence/thus/hence/consequently/therefore/so/seeingthat/inthat/nowthat

⏹Owingto（becauseof/thanksto）sth.…

⏹Therearethreereasonsforthis.

⏹Thereasonsforthisareasfollows...

⏹Thisisdueto（resultsfrom）severalfactors.

⏹Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor…

⏹Onereasonisthat…

⏹…partlybecause…,partlybecause…

⏹Manyfactorsthatcontributeto（leadto/accountfor）…include…

⏹…..canbeattributedto….

■Diversecontributingfactorscanbeidentified.

■Ingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.

■Personally,thefollowingarethemosttypicalones.

⏹Theeffectisevident/obvious.

⏹Itwillhave/exertadee