定语从句讲解.docx
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定语从句讲解
定语从句
一、概念:
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句。
如:
Iwanttomarryarichman.
定语
Iwanttomarryamanwhoistall,richandhandsome.(从句谓语和先行词一致)
先行词定语从句
定语从句所修饰词叫先行词;
定语从句用关系词(__________________________)来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中一个成分。
1)关系代词:
______________________________________
2)关系副词:
______________________________________
二、关系词用法:
(一)关系代词用法:
1)who,whom,that
这些词代替先行词是人名词或代词,在从句中作主语或宾语。
例如:
Heisthemanwho/thatwantstomarryme.
他就是那个想娶我人。
(who/that在从句中作主语)
Heisthemanwhom/thatIwanttomarry.
他就是我想嫁那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
合并:
1.Thegirlismysister.Thegirlisstandingonthestage.
_______________________________________________________
2.Idon’tknowtheboy.Theboyisinblueshirt.
_______________________________________________________
3.Mybrotherlikesthesingers.Thesingerswritetheirownmusic.
_______________________________________________________
翻译:
1那就是教我们英语老师。
______________________________________
2你正在等教授已经来了。
______________________________________
2)whose
用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,可以同ofwhich互换,放在从句主语后面)。
Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
他有一个朋友父亲是医生。
Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.
=Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisgreen.
合并:
1Heboughtadress.Thedress’spriceis100pounds.
____________________________________________________
2Hehasafriend.Thefriend’smotherisasinger.
_____________________________________________________
翻译:
1)那个门被打破教室不久会被修复。
______________________________________________
3)which,that
所代替先行词是事物名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如:
Footballisagamewhich/thatisfavoredbymostboys.
足球是大多数男孩都喜欢游戏。
(which/that在句中作主语)
Thisisthepen(which/that)heboughtyesterday.
这是他昨天刚买钢笔。
(which/that在句中作宾语)
合并:
1.Ican’tfindthebook.Iboughtabookyesterday.
________________________________________________
2.Thecatismine.Thecatisplayingwithaball.
____________________________________________________
翻译:
1这是他昨天买钢笔。
____________________________________
2昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚信。
____________________________________
3他喜欢外国作家写书。
____________________________________
4他们昨晚看电影一点意思也没有。
____________________________________
(二)关系副词用法:
1.when
指时间,在从句中作时间状语
他先行词通常有:
time,day,morning,night,week,year
Shestillremembersthedaywhen(=)heproposed.
她还记得他求婚那一天。
翻译:
1)我仍然记得爷爷去世那一天。
______________________________________
2)我永远忘不了我们在一起那些日子。
______________________________________
3)1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立日子。
______________________________________
2.where
指地点,在从句中作地点状语。
它先行词通常有:
place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country
Thisisthehotelwhere(=)theyarestaying.
Thisisafactorywhere(=)handbagsaremade.
翻译:
1)惠州是我出生地方。
___________________________________________
2)这就是他们初次见面地方。
____________________________________________
3.why
指原因或理由,它先行词只有reason。
如:
Thatisthereasonwhy(=)heisleavingsosoon.
翻译:
1)请你告诉我你迟到原因。
_______________________________________
2)我们不知道他受惩罚原因。
_______________________________________
3)我想知道你不喜欢出去玩原因。
_______________________________________
(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点:
这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定介词+which结构:
when=on(in,at,during…)+which;
where=in(at,on…)+which;
why=forwhich.
(四)关系代词与关系副词选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中作用(即所担当成分:
如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语、地点状语或原因状语时,才能用when,where或why)
关
系
代
词
that
which
who
whom
whose
指代对象
人、物
物
人
人
人、物
在从句中成分
主、宾
主、宾
主、宾
宾
定
关
系
副
词
where
when
why
指代对象
地点
时间
原因
在从句中成分
状语
状语
状语
Practice:
1)Thisisafactory_______handbagsaremade.
2)Thisisafactory________makeshandbags.
3)Iknowaplace________wecanhaveapicnic.
4)Iknowaplace_______isfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.
5)Iwillneverforgetthedays_______wespenttogether.
6)Thisisthereason________hewasdismissed.
7)Thisistheboy______fatherdiedthreeyearsago.
8)Thepencil________hewrotewasbroken.
三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句说明先行词情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。
如:
Shehasasonwhoisworkingatschool.
2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词关系比较松散,因而不是关键性,如果省略,原句意义仍然完整。
这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。
如:
Shehasason,whoisworkingatschool.
引导非限制性定语从句关系词有:
who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why
3.两种定语从句内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性,这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。
试比较:
Shehasason,whoisworkingatschool.(只有一个儿子)
=Shehasasonandheisworkingatschool.
Shehasasonwhoisworkingatschool.(不止一个儿子)
4.when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
而why只能引导限制性定语从句。
四、注意事项
1.关系代词that,which用法
(1)只用which,不用that情况
(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.
(b)介词后不能用that。
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.
Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.
(c)一个句子中若有两个定语从句,一个用that引导,另一个用which引导。
Heboughtabookthatcouldgivehimmuchknowledgeandwhichcouldhelphimtokillthetime.
(2)只能用that作为定语从句关系代词情况
(a)在不定代词,如:
anything,nothing,theone,all等作先行词时
Nothingthatyousaycanchangemymind.
Allthatglittersisnotgold.
(b)先行词有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,just修饰时。
YouarethelastpersonthatIwanttosee.
HeistheverymanthatIwanttomarry.
(c)先行词有序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰修饰时。
ThisisthebestfilmthatI’veseen.
ShakespeareisthegreatestpoetthatEnglandhaseverhad.
(d)先行词既有人,又有物时。
ThecityandthepeoplethatIvisitedimpressedmealot.
2.关系代词which,as用法
关系代词as和which引导定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。
具体情况是:
(1)as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
(2)as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
另外,as有“正
如...,正像...”意思
Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.
注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上因果关系时,常用which。
Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
(3)当先行词受such,thesame修饰时,常用as
Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
注意:
当先行词由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由
as所引导定语从句意思不同
SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过一条裙子。
Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿一样裙子。
注意:
定语从句such…as…与结果状语从句such…that…区别:
as在所引导定语从句中作主语,宾语;that在结果状语从句中不做成分
HehassuchagoodlaptopasIwanttobuy.
HehassuchagoodlaptopthatIwanttobuyone.
3.以theway为先行词限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导,而且通常可以省略。
Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.
Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.
练习
用适当关系词填空:
1.Thisistheprofessor______taughtmechemistryin1980.
2.Thehospital______wasbuiltfiveyearsagohasbeenmodernized.
3.Thefilm______wesawthedaybeforeyesterdayisveryinteresting.
4.Doyouknowthestudent______waspraisedatthemeeting?
5.1949istheyear______thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
6.Theyworkinafactory______makesradioparts.
7.Theyworkinafactory______radiopartsaremade.
8.Thisisthevisionphonethrough______wecanseeandtalktoourfriends.
9.Shelivesinasmallvillage,______isonlythreemilesfromhere.
10.SheisgoingtospendthesummerholidaysinShanghai,______shehassomefriends.
11.Thesungivestheearthlightandheat,______isveryimportanttothelivingthings.
12.Hewasoftenlate,______madehisteacherveryangry.
13.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools______hehadvisited.
在下列定语从句中,填入适当介词和关系代词
1.Iwassurprisedattheway________hetreatedtheoldman.
2.Hebuiltatelescope________hecouldstudytheskies.
3.Thewoman,________Ilearnedthenews,isanurse.
4.Heboughtabookyesterday,theauthor________isateacher.
5.Shehasthreechildren,all_________areatschool.
6.Thedesk________JackisleaningisJohn’s.
7.Oursisabeautifulschool,________weareproud.
8.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’taperson________shecouldturnforhelp.
9.Theage_______childrencangotoschoolisseven.
10.Hisbike________hewenttoworkwasstolenlastnight.
单项选择题
1.I’veneverbeentoBeijing,butit’stheplace________.
A.thatIwanttovisitmost
B.inwhichI’dliketovisit
C.whereI’dliketovisit
D.Imostwanttovisit
2.Thehours______thechildrenspendintheirone-wayrelationshipwithtelevisionpeopleundoubtedlyaffecttheirrelationshipwithrealpeople.
A.inwhichB.onwhichC.whenD.that
3.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestchildthanshewastotheothers,______,ofcourse,madetheothersjealous.
A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which
4.Thegoal_____hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.
A.afterwhichB.forwhichC.withwhichD.atwhich
5.Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesinthatregion,_____wassurprising.
A.asresultsB.whichresultsC.theresultofitD.theresultofwhich
6.Hecamebacklate,_______whichtimealltheguestshadalreadyleft.
A.atB.afterC.byD.during
7.Aninvestigationwasmadeintotheaccident,_______fiftypeoplewerekilled.
A.inwhichB.whereC.whenD.forthat
8.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner_____shehadpromisedus.
A.thatB.asC.whichD.what
9._______mightbeexpected,theresponsetothequestionwasverymixed.
A.AsB.ThatC.ItD.What
10.______isknowntotheworld,MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.
A.ThatB.WhichC.AsD.It
11.Theresidents,_______hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.
A.alltheirhomes
B.allwhosehomes
C.allofwhosehomes