语言学第6章习题.docx

语言学第6章习题.docx

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语言学第6章习题

语言学第6章习题

SupplementaryExercises

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulmunication

2.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.

3.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.

4.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.

5.Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.

6.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.

7.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.

8.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofpletesentences

9.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.

10.Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.

11.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.

12.Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.

II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

13.P_________isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulmunication.

14.Whatessentiallydistinguishess_______andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.

15.Thenotionofc_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.

16.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofmunication,itesanu___________.

17.Themeaningofasentenceisa_______,anddecontexualized.

18.C________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.

19.P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.

20.Al_________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

21.Ani__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

22.Ac_________ismitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.

23.Ane________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.

24.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:

themaximofq_______,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestpletethestatement:

25._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.

A.PragmaticsB.Semantics

C.SenserelationD.Concept

26.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics.

A.contextualB.behaviouristic

C.intrinsicD.logical

27.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.

A.referenceB.speechact

C.practicalusageD.context

28.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.

A.pragmaticB.grammatical

C.mentalD.conceptual

29.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofmunication,itesa（n）_________.

A.constativeB.directive

C.utteranceD.expressive

30.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.

B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtopletesentences.

C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.

D.Allutterancescanberestoredtopletesentences.

31.Speechacttheorydidnoteintobeinguntil__________.

A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury

B.intheearly1950’s

C.inthelate1960’s

D.intheearly21stcentury.

32.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

A.AlocutionaryactB.Anillocutionaryact

C.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact

33.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.

A.togetthehearertodosomething

B.tomitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase

C.tomitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction

D.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.

34.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.

A.intheirillocutionaryacts.

B.intheirintentionsexpressed

C.intheirstrengthorforce

D.intheireffectbroughtabout

35.__________isadvancedbyPaulGrice

A.CooperativePrinciple

B.PolitenessPrinciple

C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar

D.AdjacencyPrinciple

36.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.

A.impolitenessB.contradictions

C.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicatures

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.F2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F10.T11.T12.F

II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

13.Pragmatics14.semantics15.context16.utterance17.abstract

18.Constatives19.Performatives20.locutionary21.illocutionary

22.missive23.expressive24.quantity

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestpletethestatement:

25.A26.C27.D28.B29.C30.B

31.A32.C33.B34.C35.A36.D

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

37.pragmatics38.context39.utterancemeaning

40.sentencemeaning41.constative42.performative

43.locutionaryact44.illocutionaryact45.perlocutionaryact46..CooperativePrinciple

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsasprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?

48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?

49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning?

50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.

51.Searleclassifiedillocutionaryactintofivecategories.Discusseachofthemindetailwithexamples.

52.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?

53.Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?

Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises:

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

37.pragmatics:

Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulmunication.

38.Context:

Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Thesharedknowledgeisoftwotypes:

theknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,andtheknowledgeabouttheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticmunicationistakingplace.

39.utterancemeaning:

themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofmunication,orsimplyinacontext.

40.sentencemeaning:

Themeaningofasentenceisoftenconsideredastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.

41.Constative:

Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwereverifiable;

42.Performative:

performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,and

werenotverifiable.Theirfunctionistoperformaparticularspeechact.

43.locutionaryact:

Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

44.illocutionaryact:

Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

45.perlocutionaryact:

Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.

46.CooperativePrinciple:

ItisprincipleadvancedbyPaulGrice.Itisaprinciplethatguidesourconversationalbehaviours.Thecontentis:

Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeorthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsasprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?

Traditionalsemanticsstudiedmeaning,butthemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinanisolatedmanner,detachedfromthecontextinwhichtheywereused.Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.Theessentialdistinctionbetweensemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsideredinthestudyofmeaning.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;ifitisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.

48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?

Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept.Itusuallyconsistsofasubjectandpredicate.Anutteranceistheunitofmunication.Itisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathasamunicativevalue.Ifweregardasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofmunication,itesanutterance.Whether“Maryisbeautiful.”isasentenceoranutterancedependsonhowwelookatit.Ifweregarditasagrammaticalunitoraself-containedunitinisolation,thenitisasentence.Ifwelookatitassome