初中英语语法直接引语变间接引语详解附练习及答案.docx

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初中英语语法直接引语变间接引语详解附练习及答案.docx

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初中英语语法直接引语变间接引语详解附练习及答案.docx

初中英语语法直接引语变间接引语详解附练习及答案

直接引语和间接引语DirectspeechandIndirectspeech

1.什么是直接引语?

----直接引述别人的原话,一般加冒号,且没有时态呼应的问题;

如:

Hesaid,“I’mafraidIcan’tfinishthework.”

2.什么是间接引语?

-----用自己的话转述别人的话,不用引号,通常情况构成宾语从句,从句中的语序,时态,人称,时间状语,地点状语,和指示代词等都有变化。

如:

Hesaidthathewasafraidhecouldn’tfinishthework.

3.为什么要把直接引语变成间接引语?

----当你需要转述别人的话的时候就需要用到;除了用say,还可以用tell,ask等。

4.所转述的内容可以是陈述句,疑问句,特殊疑问句,祈使句,感叹句,这几种情况下该怎么将直接引语变成间接引语呢?

只要记住刚刚说的那6点:

语序,时态,人称,时间状语,地点状语,和指示代词,记住相对应的变化规则,那么就不是一件难事。

下面我们来看例子:

直接引语:

Hesaid,“Mydadwillbebacktomorrowmorning”

间接引语:

Hesaidthathisdadwouldbebackthenext/followingmorning..

我们来分析一下这个例句,时态,人称,时间状语都发生了变化

Mydad---hisdad,willbeback---wouldbeback,tomorrowmorning---thenext/followingmorning

一、下面我们先看时态不变的5种情况:

1)直接引语是客观真理,自然现象,名言,俗语,或者与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时,不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态,变为间接引语的时候时态均不变,如:

Eg.1---“Theearthmovesaroundthesun,”theteachertoldus.

Theteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.

Eg.2---Hesaid,“IwasborninGuangdongin1990”.

HesaidhewasborninGuangdongin1990.

Eg.3---Goethesaid,“Theimportantthinginlifeistohaveagreataim,andthedeterminationtoattainit.”

Goethesaidtheimportantthinginlifeistohaveagreataim,andthedeterminationtoattainit.

Eg.4:

Hesaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”

Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.

2)主句的谓语动词是现在是或将来时,变成间接引语时时态不变

Eg.1---Hesays,“Ifinishedthework.”

Hesayshefinishedthework.

Eg.2---Hewillsay,“Ihavewateredtheflower.”

Hewillsayhehaswateredtheflower.

Eg.3---Hewillsay,“Iwilltrymybesttohelpyou.”

Hewillsayhewilltryhisbesttohelpme.

3)直接引语如果是一般现在时,表示反复出现或习惯性动作,变为间接引语时时态不变。

Eg.1---Jacksaid,“Mybrotheralwaysgoestoschoolbybike.”

Jacksaidhisbrotheralwaysgoestoschoolbybike.

Eg.2---Mymothersaid,“Ilikeon-lineshopping.”

Mymothersaidshelikeson-lineshopping.

4)直接引语是过去进行时,或者是过去完成时时,变为间接引语时,时态不变,如

Eg.1---Jimsaid,“Lucy,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouneartheshop?

JimaskedLucywhereshewasgoingwhenhemetherneartheshop.

Eg.2---Kellysaid,“Tomwashavingvideomeetingat9o’clocklastnight.”

KellysaidTomwashavingvideomeetingat9o’clocklastnight

Eg.3---Johnsaid,“IhadcalledTombeforelunch.”

JohnsaidhehadcalledTombeforelunch.

5)should,wouldought,hadbetter,might,usedto,could,must没有对应的过去式,所以在间接引语中时态一般不变,如:

Eg.1---Jasonsaid,“Youhadbettercomeheretoday.”

JasonsaidIhadbettercomeheretoday.

什么情况下时态需要变化?

请看时态变化表格,当主句时态是一般过去式时:

1.一般现在时---一般过去式

2.一般过去时---过去完成时

3.一般将来时---过去将来时

4.现在进行时---过去进行时

5.现在完成时---过去完成时

6.现在完成进行时---过去完成进行时

例句:

1)Hesaid,“Iamverytired.”(一般现在时---一般过去时)

----Hesaidhewasverytired.

----Hesaysheisverytired.

2)“Areyoutired?

”sheasked.

----SheaskedifIwastired..

----SheasksifIamtired.

3)Tomasked,“WillJackarrivetomorrow?

”(一般将来时—过去将来时)

Tomaskedif/whetherJackwouldarrivetomorrow.

Tomasksif/whetherJackwillarrivetomorrow.

4)Sheasked,“WhenwillJackarrive?

SheaskedwhenJackwouldarrive.

SheaskswhenJackwillarrive.

5)“Ibrokethatplate.”Hesaid.(一般过去时---过去完成时)

Hesaidhehadbrokentheplate.

Hesayshebrokethatplate.

Hetoldmethathehadbrokenthatplate.

5)Hesaid,“Youtoldmethisstory.”

HesaidIhadtoldhimthatstory.

HesaysItoldhimthatstory.

6)Hesaid,“ImetMr.Smiththismorning.”

HesaidhehadmetMr.Smiththatmorning.

7)Hesaid,“Iamusingtheknife.”(现在进行时---过去进行时)

Hesaidhewasusingtheknife.

8)Mymothersaid,“Yoursisteriswashingherfacenow.”

Mymothersaidmysisteriswashingherfacethen.

9)Hesaidtome,“She’sleftherbookinyourroom.”(现在完成时---过去完成时)

Hetoldmethatshehadleftherbookinmyroom.

10)Mr.Jonessaid,“Ihavejustfinishedwork.”

Mr.Jonessaidhehadjustfinishedwork.

11)Shesaid,“IhavenotheardfromhimsinceMay.”

ShesaidshehadnotheardfromhimsinceMay.

12)现在完成进行时---过去完成进行时

二、接下来我们来看看人称是怎么变化的:

1、人称的转变

1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:

Hesaid,“Iamverysorry.”——>Hesaidthathewasverysorry.

2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:

“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme.——>

MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.

3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。

如:

Shesaidtoherson,“I'llcheckyourhomeworktonight.”——>

Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.

4)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:

Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?

”——>

HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.

总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。

 

三、下面来看看时间状语,地点状语,还有指示代词的变化:

直接引语

间接引语

指示代词

this/these

that/those

时间状语

now

Then

today

thatday

tonight

thatnight

thisweek(month…)

thatweek(month…)

yesterday

thedaybefore

lastweek(month…)

theweek(month…)before

twoweeks(month)ago

twoweeks(months)before

tomorrow

thenextday

nextweek(month…)

thenextweek(month…)

地点状语

here

There

动词

come

Go

bring

Take

Hesaid,“ImetMr.Smiththismorning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。

→HesaidthathehadmetMr.Smiththatmorning.他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。

Hesaid,“Wewenttothecinemayesterday.”他说:

“我们昨天去电影院了。

→Hesaidtheyhadgonetothecinemathedaybefore.他说前一天他们去电影院了。

Lilysaid,“Iwillcomebacknextmonth.”莉莉说:

“我下个月回来。

→Lilysaidthatshewouldgobackthenextmonth.莉莉说她下一个月就回去。

Hesaid,“Itisnineo'clocknow.”他说:

“现在九点了。

→Hesaidthatitwasnineo'clockthen.他说那时九点了。

Hesaid,“Ihaven'tseenhertoday.”他说:

“今天我没见到她。

→Hesaidthathehadn'tseenherthatday.他说那天他没有见到她。

Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”她说:

“昨天我去了那儿。

→Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.她说前一天她去了那儿。

Shesaid,“I'llgotheretomorrow.”她说:

“明天我将去那儿。

→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday.她说第二天她将去那儿。

Hesaid,“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago.”他说:

“三天前我妹妹在这儿。

→Hesaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。

(here→there;ago→before)

Shesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”她说:

“今晚我将来这儿。

→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethatevening.她说那晚她将去那儿。

(come→go;here→there;this→that)

以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定,不可机械照搬。

如果就在当地转述,here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。

直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用,间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。

Fathersaid,“Iamfreethisafternoon”父亲说:

“我今天下午有空。

→Fathersaidthathewasfreethisafternoon.父亲说他今天下午有空。

Hesaid,“Iamgoingtheretomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。

→Hesaidthathewasgoingtheretomorrow.他说他明天去那里。

巧记:

去掉引号加that,人称变化要灵活,时态向后退一步,状语变化按规定

四、直接引语变成间接引语,句子结构的变化

1)陈述句。

用连词that引导,that在口语中常省略。

主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替,注意,可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that,不可直接说toldthat,如:

Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”——>HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.

Hesaid,“I'llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”——>

HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不可说toldthat)

此外主句中的谓语还常有:

repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等,又如:

Hesaid,“I'mlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”——>Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.

如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句,第一个连词可以省略,以后的连词一般不省略,以免混乱。

Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.”——>

Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.

2)直接引语为一般疑问句,(也称是否疑问句,)间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序,这一点非常重要。

Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultyinpronunciation?

”——>

Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.

Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou?

”——>

HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.

3)直接引语为选择疑问句,间接引语用whether…or…表达,而不用if…or…,也不用either…or….如:

Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?

”——>HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench..

Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?

”——>Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.

4)直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语时,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序。

如:

Heasked,“What'syourname?

”——>Heasked(me)whatmynamewas.

Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?

”——>

Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.

5)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带to的不定式表达,谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。

如asksb.todo,(由肯定祈使句变成)asksb.nottodo(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。

如:

Hesaid,“Beseated,please.”——>Heaskedustobeseated.

“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”Hesaid.——>Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.

“Nevercomehereagain!

”saidtheofficernearby.——>Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.

“Don'ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”theteachersaid.——>

Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.

6)有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句,可用suggest,insist,offer等动词转述,如:

Hesaid,“Let'shavearest.”——>Hesuggestedourhavingarest.

Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.”——>Heofferedtohelpme.

7)当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求,建议意义时,可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。

如:

“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?

”heasked.——>Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.

“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?

”heaskedus.——>

Headvisedustogooutforawalk.或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.

8)直接引语是感叹句时,变间接引语可用what或how引导,也可用that引导,如:

Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!

”——>Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.

即学即练

1.Heasked________forthecomputer.

A.didIpayhowmuchB.Ipaidhowmuch.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid

2.“Haveyouseenthefilm?

”heaskedme.→Heaskedme_______.

A.hadIseenthefilmB.haveIseenthefilm

C.ifIhaveseenthefilmD.whetherIhadseenthefilm

3.“Pleaseclosethewindow,”hesaidtome.

→He______me_____thewindow.

A.saidto;tocloseB.toldto;closingC.as

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