初中英语语法直接引语变间接引语详解附练习及答案.docx
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初中英语语法直接引语变间接引语详解附练习及答案
直接引语和间接引语DirectspeechandIndirectspeech
1.什么是直接引语?
----直接引述别人的原话,一般加冒号,且没有时态呼应的问题;
如:
Hesaid,“I’mafraidIcan’tfinishthework.”
2.什么是间接引语?
-----用自己的话转述别人的话,不用引号,通常情况构成宾语从句,从句中的语序,时态,人称,时间状语,地点状语,和指示代词等都有变化。
如:
Hesaidthathewasafraidhecouldn’tfinishthework.
3.为什么要把直接引语变成间接引语?
----当你需要转述别人的话的时候就需要用到;除了用say,还可以用tell,ask等。
4.所转述的内容可以是陈述句,疑问句,特殊疑问句,祈使句,感叹句,这几种情况下该怎么将直接引语变成间接引语呢?
只要记住刚刚说的那6点:
语序,时态,人称,时间状语,地点状语,和指示代词,记住相对应的变化规则,那么就不是一件难事。
下面我们来看例子:
直接引语:
Hesaid,“Mydadwillbebacktomorrowmorning”
间接引语:
Hesaidthathisdadwouldbebackthenext/followingmorning..
我们来分析一下这个例句,时态,人称,时间状语都发生了变化
Mydad---hisdad,willbeback---wouldbeback,tomorrowmorning---thenext/followingmorning
一、下面我们先看时态不变的5种情况:
1)直接引语是客观真理,自然现象,名言,俗语,或者与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时,不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态,变为间接引语的时候时态均不变,如:
Eg.1---“Theearthmovesaroundthesun,”theteachertoldus.
Theteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.
Eg.2---Hesaid,“IwasborninGuangdongin1990”.
HesaidhewasborninGuangdongin1990.
Eg.3---Goethesaid,“Theimportantthinginlifeistohaveagreataim,andthedeterminationtoattainit.”
Goethesaidtheimportantthinginlifeistohaveagreataim,andthedeterminationtoattainit.
Eg.4:
Hesaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”
Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.
2)主句的谓语动词是现在是或将来时,变成间接引语时时态不变
Eg.1---Hesays,“Ifinishedthework.”
Hesayshefinishedthework.
Eg.2---Hewillsay,“Ihavewateredtheflower.”
Hewillsayhehaswateredtheflower.
Eg.3---Hewillsay,“Iwilltrymybesttohelpyou.”
Hewillsayhewilltryhisbesttohelpme.
3)直接引语如果是一般现在时,表示反复出现或习惯性动作,变为间接引语时时态不变。
Eg.1---Jacksaid,“Mybrotheralwaysgoestoschoolbybike.”
Jacksaidhisbrotheralwaysgoestoschoolbybike.
Eg.2---Mymothersaid,“Ilikeon-lineshopping.”
Mymothersaidshelikeson-lineshopping.
4)直接引语是过去进行时,或者是过去完成时时,变为间接引语时,时态不变,如
Eg.1---Jimsaid,“Lucy,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouneartheshop?
”
JimaskedLucywhereshewasgoingwhenhemetherneartheshop.
Eg.2---Kellysaid,“Tomwashavingvideomeetingat9o’clocklastnight.”
KellysaidTomwashavingvideomeetingat9o’clocklastnight
Eg.3---Johnsaid,“IhadcalledTombeforelunch.”
JohnsaidhehadcalledTombeforelunch.
5)should,wouldought,hadbetter,might,usedto,could,must没有对应的过去式,所以在间接引语中时态一般不变,如:
Eg.1---Jasonsaid,“Youhadbettercomeheretoday.”
JasonsaidIhadbettercomeheretoday.
什么情况下时态需要变化?
请看时态变化表格,当主句时态是一般过去式时:
1.一般现在时---一般过去式
2.一般过去时---过去完成时
3.一般将来时---过去将来时
4.现在进行时---过去进行时
5.现在完成时---过去完成时
6.现在完成进行时---过去完成进行时
例句:
1)Hesaid,“Iamverytired.”(一般现在时---一般过去时)
----Hesaidhewasverytired.
----Hesaysheisverytired.
2)“Areyoutired?
”sheasked.
----SheaskedifIwastired..
----SheasksifIamtired.
3)Tomasked,“WillJackarrivetomorrow?
”(一般将来时—过去将来时)
Tomaskedif/whetherJackwouldarrivetomorrow.
Tomasksif/whetherJackwillarrivetomorrow.
4)Sheasked,“WhenwillJackarrive?
”
SheaskedwhenJackwouldarrive.
SheaskswhenJackwillarrive.
5)“Ibrokethatplate.”Hesaid.(一般过去时---过去完成时)
Hesaidhehadbrokentheplate.
Hesayshebrokethatplate.
Hetoldmethathehadbrokenthatplate.
5)Hesaid,“Youtoldmethisstory.”
HesaidIhadtoldhimthatstory.
HesaysItoldhimthatstory.
6)Hesaid,“ImetMr.Smiththismorning.”
HesaidhehadmetMr.Smiththatmorning.
7)Hesaid,“Iamusingtheknife.”(现在进行时---过去进行时)
Hesaidhewasusingtheknife.
8)Mymothersaid,“Yoursisteriswashingherfacenow.”
Mymothersaidmysisteriswashingherfacethen.
9)Hesaidtome,“She’sleftherbookinyourroom.”(现在完成时---过去完成时)
Hetoldmethatshehadleftherbookinmyroom.
10)Mr.Jonessaid,“Ihavejustfinishedwork.”
Mr.Jonessaidhehadjustfinishedwork.
11)Shesaid,“IhavenotheardfromhimsinceMay.”
ShesaidshehadnotheardfromhimsinceMay.
12)现在完成进行时---过去完成进行时
二、接下来我们来看看人称是怎么变化的:
1、人称的转变
1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:
Hesaid,“Iamverysorry.”——>Hesaidthathewasverysorry.
2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:
“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme.——>
MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.
3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。
如:
Shesaidtoherson,“I'llcheckyourhomeworktonight.”——>
Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.
4)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:
Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?
”——>
HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.
总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。
三、下面来看看时间状语,地点状语,还有指示代词的变化:
直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this/these
that/those
时间状语
now
Then
today
thatday
tonight
thatnight
thisweek(month…)
thatweek(month…)
yesterday
thedaybefore
lastweek(month…)
theweek(month…)before
twoweeks(month)ago
twoweeks(months)before
tomorrow
thenextday
nextweek(month…)
thenextweek(month…)
地点状语
here
There
动词
come
Go
bring
Take
Hesaid,“ImetMr.Smiththismorning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。
”
→HesaidthathehadmetMr.Smiththatmorning.他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。
Hesaid,“Wewenttothecinemayesterday.”他说:
“我们昨天去电影院了。
”
→Hesaidtheyhadgonetothecinemathedaybefore.他说前一天他们去电影院了。
Lilysaid,“Iwillcomebacknextmonth.”莉莉说:
“我下个月回来。
”
→Lilysaidthatshewouldgobackthenextmonth.莉莉说她下一个月就回去。
Hesaid,“Itisnineo'clocknow.”他说:
“现在九点了。
”
→Hesaidthatitwasnineo'clockthen.他说那时九点了。
Hesaid,“Ihaven'tseenhertoday.”他说:
“今天我没见到她。
”
→Hesaidthathehadn'tseenherthatday.他说那天他没有见到她。
Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”她说:
“昨天我去了那儿。
”
→Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.她说前一天她去了那儿。
Shesaid,“I'llgotheretomorrow.”她说:
“明天我将去那儿。
”
→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday.她说第二天她将去那儿。
Hesaid,“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago.”他说:
“三天前我妹妹在这儿。
”
→Hesaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。
(here→there;ago→before)
Shesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”她说:
“今晚我将来这儿。
”
→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethatevening.她说那晚她将去那儿。
(come→go;here→there;this→that)
以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定,不可机械照搬。
如果就在当地转述,here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用,间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。
Fathersaid,“Iamfreethisafternoon”父亲说:
“我今天下午有空。
”
→Fathersaidthathewasfreethisafternoon.父亲说他今天下午有空。
Hesaid,“Iamgoingtheretomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。
”
→Hesaidthathewasgoingtheretomorrow.他说他明天去那里。
巧记:
去掉引号加that,人称变化要灵活,时态向后退一步,状语变化按规定
四、直接引语变成间接引语,句子结构的变化
1)陈述句。
用连词that引导,that在口语中常省略。
主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替,注意,可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that,不可直接说toldthat,如:
Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”——>HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.
Hesaid,“I'llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”——>
HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不可说toldthat)
此外主句中的谓语还常有:
repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等,又如:
Hesaid,“I'mlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”——>Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.
如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句,第一个连词可以省略,以后的连词一般不省略,以免混乱。
Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.”——>
Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.
2)直接引语为一般疑问句,(也称是否疑问句,)间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序,这一点非常重要。
Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultyinpronunciation?
”——>
Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.
Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou?
”——>
HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.
3)直接引语为选择疑问句,间接引语用whether…or…表达,而不用if…or…,也不用either…or….如:
Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?
”——>HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench..
Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?
”——>Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.
4)直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语时,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序。
如:
Heasked,“What'syourname?
”——>Heasked(me)whatmynamewas.
Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?
”——>
Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.
5)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带to的不定式表达,谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。
如asksb.todo,(由肯定祈使句变成)asksb.nottodo(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。
如:
Hesaid,“Beseated,please.”——>Heaskedustobeseated.
“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”Hesaid.——>Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.
“Nevercomehereagain!
”saidtheofficernearby.——>Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.
“Don'ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”theteachersaid.——>
Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.
6)有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句,可用suggest,insist,offer等动词转述,如:
Hesaid,“Let'shavearest.”——>Hesuggestedourhavingarest.
Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.”——>Heofferedtohelpme.
7)当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求,建议意义时,可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。
如:
“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?
”heasked.——>Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.
“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?
”heaskedus.——>
Headvisedustogooutforawalk.或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.
8)直接引语是感叹句时,变间接引语可用what或how引导,也可用that引导,如:
Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!
”——>Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.
即学即练
1.Heasked________forthecomputer.
A.didIpayhowmuchB.Ipaidhowmuch.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid
2.“Haveyouseenthefilm?
”heaskedme.→Heaskedme_______.
A.hadIseenthefilmB.haveIseenthefilm
C.ifIhaveseenthefilmD.whetherIhadseenthefilm
3.“Pleaseclosethewindow,”hesaidtome.
→He______me_____thewindow.
A.saidto;tocloseB.toldto;closingC.as