从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用.docx

从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用.docx

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从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用

从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用

从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用

委婉语thatareanxioustopresentonlthehandsomestpossibleimagesofthemselvestotheorld.Andtheareimbeddedsodeeplinourlanguagethatfeofus,eventhosehopridethemselvesonbEingplainspoken,evergetthroughadaithoutusingthem.ButsomepeoplestillmistaketheeuphemismsintheonversationbtheCooperativepriniple.ViolatingtheCP,peoplealsoanontinuetheonversationitheuphemisms,hihmaketheauthorinterestinattitudesofpartiipantsandthepurposeofonversation.Thatisourbodtoda.

Formationofeuphemisms

1FormalinnovationToavoidtheemergeneofertainletterorsoundmaahievetheeffetofeuphemizing.Theformalinnovationanhideaudio-visuallthoseordsedon’tanttosaoreshouldn’tsasoastoahievebetterouteinmuniation.

1.1AbbreviationAbbreviationistheshorteningofaordandmabeseenintheuseoftheBritishexpressionLADIESforladies’room.TherealsoisGENTSforgentlemen’sroom.Apoopationisanotherformofabbreviationapparentintheuseofvampforvampireheremeaningasedutiveoman.Andlavisforlavator;homoisforhomosexual;oaisforoaine;braisforbrassiere.

1.3InitialingInitialingistheuseofaronmsinsteadofthEIrponentpartsasin"JCfor“JesusChrist”,BMforboelmovement","W.Cforaterloset,B.Oforbododor,V.Dforvenerealdisease,AIDSforaquiredimmunedefiiensndrome,SARSforsevereauterespiratorsndrome".

1.4BakformingBakformingisthesubstitutionforonepartofspeehforanother,asin"burglehihisderivedfrom'burglar'".

1.5RedupliationRedupliationistherepetitionofasllableorletterofaord.Partiularlmoninhildren’sbathroomvoabular,itsubstitutes"pee-peefor'piss',poo-poofor'boelmovement'".

1.6BlendordAblendordisaformofphonetidistortioninhihtoormoreordsaresqueezedtogetherbothorthographiallandphonetiall.Anexampleofthisis"gezundaforahamberpot,atermderivedfromthefatthatthisobjet'goesunderthebed'".

1.7DiminutiveAdiminutiveistheformationofanetermbnikingorshorteninganameandaddingasuffixindiatingaffetionorsmallness."Heinie,forexample,isthediminutiveof'hindend'andreferstothebuttoks".

2Semantiinnovation

1BorroingMostobviousl,euphemismsmabeformedbborroingordsfromotherlanguages—termsthatarelessfreightedithnegativeassoiations.Thus,euseGreekandLatinexpressionsformanbodilpartsandfuntions.WehaveoinedhalitosisfromtheLatinfor“breath”andehavesubstitutedmituritionforthemorevulgarIndo-European“Piss”.Inaddition,EnglisheuphemismsalsoborroedalotofsientifiorXXdemiterms,hiharebelievedtobemoreeuphemistiandobjetivethantheusualterms,suhasmagnetifor“sex”andperspirefor“seat”andsoon.

2WideningEuphemismsmabemadebasemantiproessalledidening.Whenaspeifitermbeestoopainfulorvivid,emoveupintheladderofabstration.Inthisa,anerbeesgrothandagirdlebeesafoundation.Sometimes,inadditiontoideningedividethenegativeonnotationsofasingledirettermbeteentoormoreords.Insteadofsaing“sphilis”openl,espeakofasoialdisease.

3SemantishiftAlliedtothephenomenonofideningisthatofsemantishift.Thisisthesubstitutionofthehole,orasimilargeneralit,forthespeifipartedonothoosetodisuss.Wemareatesuhmetonmiesasrearendfor“buttoks”.Sometimes,asintheexpressions"tosleepithgotobedithsomeone",euseordsnamingthelargereventinplaeofmorepreisereferenestothesexualrelationsthatarepartoftheproess.

3Rhetorialdevies

3.1MetaphorEuphemismsmabemadebaproessalledmetaphorialtransfer,theparisonofthingsofonekindtothingsofanother.Theeuphemismshosenareoftenromantiizing,poetiizingandsofteningoftheoriginalordslike"gotosleep;gotohislonghome;behomeandfree;restinpeae;beatrest;gotoHeavenParadise;joinone'sanestors;begatheredtoone'sfathers;jointheimmoralsfordie",shokforrandombombing,onstrutivedestrutionforseveredamage,havearoadtotravelforhavealongtimetoreahanagreementandet..

3.2AposiopesisInEnglish,thereisakindofrhetorialledaposiopesisthatanalsoatastheaofeuphemizing.Whenethinkeshouldnotsasomethingunderertainonditions,esuddenlstopashenesasomeoneisoutofPolnesianorigindenotesanthinglinguistiandnonlinguisti,hihisprohibitedorforbidden.Tabooreferstothesituationinhihaordornameanbeusedinamunitonlunderspeialonditions,hetheronlbertainpersonsoronlinertainirumstanes.Justasviolatingaulturaltabooanbequiteoffensive,soisitithaverbaltabooinpressonferenes.The“ord”hasbeenandontinuestobeinmostsoietiespereivedasapoerfulinstrumentthatmaevokeevilspirits,makebadthingshappenandinstigatetovioleneandrevolutionandnumerousotherativities.Whiletabooofordsourshenapartiulartopiisonsideredvalidfordisussion,euphemistiexpressionortermsarerequired.Sodiplomatieuphemismshaveaverseriousreasonforbeing.Theanonealthethingspeoplefearmost—death,thedeadorthesupernatural.Euphemismsanalsoeliminateunhappiness,embarrassmentandfearet.soastorelievepeoplepshologiall.

3.2PolitenessPolitenessisanotherverimportantfuntionthateuphemismsserveinsoiallife."Someoftheeuphemismsareusedtoavoidrudenessandindeenforthesakeofapoliteonversation."GrieformulatedCooperativePrinipleofutteraneinhihtheMaximofMannerasdefinedas“Beperspiuousandspeifi;Toavoidobsurit;Toavoidambiguit;Tobebriefandtobeorderl.”TheroundaboutnatureofeuphemismsgoesagainsttheMaximofManner,hihanonlbefairlexplainedellbLeeh’sPolitenessPriniple“ApprobationMaxim:

minimizedispraiseofother,maximizepraiseofother”.Inotherords,euphemismsaretominimizeimpoliteexpressionsandmaximizepoliteexpressions.

3.3DisguiseBesidesthetofuntionsofeuphemismsmentionedabove,thereisstillanotheronemoreimportantfuntionatorkineuphemistimuniation,namel,theDisguiseFuntion.Hereemeanthatbeauseofthevaguenessofeuphemisms,ithasbeeaverimportanttoolforpolitialleadersorthediplomatsorstatesmentodistortthefatsorandpresentafalsepitureofpeaeandprosperitandtobeautifhatevertheauthorithavedone.Forexample,intheIraqWar,theuse“OperationIraqiFreedom”forbeautifingtheirmilitarinvasion,“possiblemovement”referstomilitarattak,“airoperation”or“airstrikes”forairattak,“enterthear”toshotheirrelutanetofightthearet.andemafindmansuhkindoftheseeuphemismsinpressonferenes.Themostimportantandultimatefuntionorpurposeoftheuseofdiplomatieuphemismsinpressonferenesistodisguiseorbeautiftheirinvasiveesseneorotherevilationsortheseparationofordsfromtruth.InAmerianandBritishsoietiesnoadas,diplomatieuphemismsarealaspurposeldevisedtodisguisesandalsinarsandpolitis,deliberatelinventedtobeautifloloupationsandexessivelinflatedtopromotesalesinadvertisement.

4.TheCooperativePrinipleBeforegoingon,elookattoexamples,asfollos:

"A:

Canoutellmethetime?

B:

Well,themailhasalreade.A:

AreougoingtoJohn’sbirthdapart?

B:

I’veheardMarisgoing."Itseemstherearesomemistakeintheonversations.Butinfat,itisorret.TheCooperativePrinipleillhelpusunderstandmore.TheCooperativePrinipleisasfollos:

"Makeouronversationalontributionsuhasisrequired,atthestageathihitours,btheaeptedpurposeordiretionofthetalkexhangeinhihouareengaged."AordingGrie,Cooperativeprinipleislassifiedintofourategories:

quantit,qualit,relationandmanner.Theategorofquantitrelatestothequantitofinformationtobeprovided,andunderitfallthefolloingmaxims：

4.1ThemaximofQualit:

"Trtomakeourontributiononethatistrue,.speifiall:

donotsahatoubelievetobefalse.donotsathatforhihoulakadequateevidene"

4.2ThemaximofQuantit:

"MakeourontributionasinformativeasisrequiredfortheurrentpurposesoftheexhangeDonotmakeourontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired"

4.3ThemaximofRelation:

"Makeourontributionrelevant."

4.4ThemaximofManner:

"Beperspiuousandspeifiall:

avoidobsuritofexpression.avoidambiguit.bebriefbeorderl."Fromhatmentionedabove,emaknothattheCooperativePrinipleenablesonepartiipantinaonversationtomuniateontheassumptionthattheotherpartiipantisbEingooperative.Thesefourmaximsformaneessarpartofthedesriptionoflinguistimeaninginthattheexplainhoitisthatthespeakersoften“meanmorethanthesa”inthEIrmuniations."Wemadeidetoithholdhateverinformationepossess:

’Noment!

’Wemainadvertentlinfringeamaximoreanseretlviolateamaxim—e.g.AouldmaliiouslandfalseltellBthatJanethadalkedintheoppositediretionfromthepostoffie.Or–moreimportantl–eanmakeablatantshoofbreakingoneofthemaxims"Atthetimeofreording,allthemembersoftheasteremembersofTheBBCPlaers.Q:

BritainandFranebothputtroopsonstandbalert…forpossiblemovementintoKosovo.While…hastheU.S.putanunitsonstand-bforapossiblemovementtoKosovo?

A:

Invieofthefatthat…ourforesremainattheirurrentstateofreadiness.There…inreasethatstateofalertnessatthispoint.Obviousl…onshortstand-b…airoperations,ould….IntheaboveQ-Apatternsofthetransripts,eanseediplomatieuphemismslike“possiblemovement”,“attheirurrentstateofreadiness”and“airoperation”et.areusedinpressonferenesthatviolatetheQualitMaxim.Fromthespeifiontexteknothathere“possiblemovement”mainl