计算机专业英语keyterm chapter 5.docx

计算机专业英语keyterm chapter 5.docx

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计算机专业英语keytermchapter5

KeyTerms-Chapter5

ACadapter

NotebookcomputersuseACadaptersthataretypicallyoutsidethesystemunit.Theyplugintoastandardwalloutlet,convertACtoDC,providepowertodrivethesystemcomponents,andcanrechargebatteries.

all-in-one

Adesktopcomputerthathasthemonitorandsystemunithousedtogetherinthesamecase（e.g.,Apple’siMac）.

analog

Continuoussignalsthatvarytorepresentdifferenttones,pitches,andvolume.

arithmetic-logicunit（ALU）

ThepartoftheCPUthatperformsarithmeticandlogicaloperations.

arithmeticoperation

Fundamentalmathoperations:

addition,subtraction,multiplication,anddivision.

ASCII（AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange）

Binarycodingschemewidelyusedonallcomputers,includingmicrocomputers.Eightbitsformeachbyte,andeachbyterepresentsonecharacter.

binarysystem

Numberingsysteminwhichallnumbersconsistofonlytwodigits:

0and1.

BIOS（basicinput/outputsystem）

Thestart-upinstructionsforacomputer,includingthespecificsconcerningtheamountofRAMandthetypeofkeyboard,mouse,andsecondarystoragedevicesconnectedtothesystemunit.

bit

Each1or0isabit;shortforbinarydigit.

boot

Startingorrestartingyourcomputer.

bus

Allcommunicationtravelsalongacommonconnectingcablecalledabusorabackbone.Asinformationpassesalongthebus,itisexaminedbyeachdeviceonthesystemboardtoseeiftheinformationisintendedforthatdevice.Seebuslineandethernet.

busline

Electronicdataroadway,alongwhichbitstravel,connectsthepartsoftheCPUtoeachotherandlinkstheCPUwithotherimportanthardware.Thecommonconnectingcableinabusnetwork.

buswidth

Thenumberofbitstravelingsimultaneouslydownabusisthebuswidth.

byte

Unitconsistingofeightbits.Thereare256possiblebitcombinationsinabyteandeachbyterepresentsonecharacter.

cable

Cordsusedtoconnectinputandoutputdevicestothesystemunit.

cachememory

Areaofrandom-accessmemory（RAM）setasidetostorethemostfrequentlyaccessedinformation.Cachememoryimprovesprocessingbyactingasatemporaryhigh-speedholdingareabetweenmemoryandtheCPU,allowingthecomputertodetectwhichinformationinRAMismostfrequentlyused.

carrierpackage

Thematerialthatchipsaremountedonwhichthenplugsintosocketsonthesystemboard.

centralprocessingunit（CPU）

Thepartofthecomputerthatholdsdataandprograminstructionsforprocessingthedata.TheCPUconsistsofthecontrolunitandthearithmetic-logicunit.Inamicrocomputer,theCPUisonasingleelectroniccomponentcalledamicroprocessorchip.

characterencodingstandards

Assignuniquesequenceofbitstoeachcharacter.

chip

Atinycircuitboardetchedonasmallsquareofsandlikematerialcalledsilicon.Achipisalsocalledasiliconchip,semiconductor,orintegratedcircuit.

clockspeed

Alsocalledclockrate.Itismeasuredingigahertz,orbillionsofbeatspersecond.Thefastertheclockspeed,thefasterthecomputercanprocessinformationandexecuteinstructions.

computertechnician

Specialistwhoinstallshardwareandsoftwareandtroubleshootsproblemsforusers.

controlunit

SectionoftheCPUthattellstherestofthecomputerhowtocarryoutprograminstructions.

coprocessor

Specializedprocessingchipdesignedtoimprovespecificcomputeroperations,suchasthegraphicscoprocessor.

desktop

Asystemunitthattypicallycontainsthesystem’selectroniccomponentsandselectedsecondarystoragedevices.Inputandoutputdevices,suchasthemouse,keyboard,andmonitor,arelocatedoutsidethesystemunit.

digital

Computersaredigitalmachinesbecausetheycanonlyunderstand1sand0s.Itiseitheronoroff.Forexample,adigitalwatchstatestheexacttimeontheface,whereasananalogwatchhasthesecondhandmovinginconstantmotionasittellsthetime.

DIMM（dualin-linememorymodule）

Anexpansionmoduleusedtoaddmemorytothesystemboard.

DVI（DigitalVideoInterface）Port 

Atypeofportthatprovidesaconnectiontoadigitalmonitor.

EBCDIC（ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode）

Binarycodingschemethatisastandardforminicomputersandmainframecomputers.

Ethernetport

Ahigh-speednetworkingportthatallowsmultiplecomputerstobeconnectedforsharingfilesorforhigh-speedInternetaccess.

expansionbus

ConnectstheCPUtoslotsonthesystemboard.Therearedifferenttypesofexpansionbusessuchasindustrystandardarchitecture（ISA）,peripheralcomponentinterconnect（PCI）,acceleratedgraphicsport（AGP）,universalserialbus（USB）,andFireWirebuses.Seesystembus.

expansioncard

Optionaldevicethatplugsintoaslotinsidethesystemunittoexpandthecomputers’abilities.Portsonthesystemboardallowcablestobeconnectedfromtheexpansionboardtodevicesoutsidethesystemunit.

expansionslot

Openingsonasystemboard.Userscaninsertoptionaldevices,knownasexpansioncards,intotheseslots,allowinguserstoexpandtheirsystems.Seeexpansioncard.

ExpressCard

TechnologyreplacingthePCCardtoprovideadirectconnectiontothesystembus.AlsoseePCcard.

externalSerialAdvancedTechnologyAttachment（eSATA）

Aportthatprovidesveryhighspeedconnectionsforexternalhard-diskdrives,opticaldisks,andotherlargesecondarystoragedevices.

FireWirebus

OperatesmuchlikeUSBbusesonthesystemboardbutathigherspeeds.

FireWireport

Usedtoconnecthigh-speedprinters,andevenvideocameras,tosystemunit.

flashmemory

RAMchipsthatretaindataevenwhenpowerisdisrupted.Flashmemoryisanexampleofsolid-statestorageandistypicallyusedtostoredigitizedimagesandrecordMP3files.

gameport

Wereusedtoconnectvideogamecontrollersandjoysticks.

GPU（graphicsprocessingunit）

Seegraphicscoprocessor.

graphicscard

Devicethatprovideshigh-quality3-Dgraphicsandanimationforgamesandsimulations.

graphicscoprocessor

Designedtohandlerequirementsrelatedtodisplayingandmanipulating2-Dand3-Dgraphicimages.

handheld

Smallesttypeofsystemunit,designedtofitintothepalmofonehand.

hexadecimalsystem（hex）

Uses16digitstorepresentbinarynumbers.

HighDefinitionMultimediaInterface（HDMI）

Portthatprovideshigh-definitionvideoandaudio,makingitpossibletouseacomputerasavideojukeboxoranHDvideorecorder.

integratedcircuit 

Seesiliconchip.

laptop

Seenotebookcomputerandnotebooksystemunit.

legacyport

Wascommononmicrocomputersystemstoconnectspecifictypesofdevices.Theyhavelargelybeenreplacedbyfaster,moreflexibleportssuchastheuniversalserialbus（USB）.

logicaloperation

Comparingtwopiecesofdatatoseewhetheroneisequalto（=）,lessthan（<）,orgreaterthan（>）theother.

mainboard

Seemotherboardorsystemboard.

memory

Memoryiscontainedonchipsconnectedtothesystemboardandisaholdingareafordatainstructionsandinformation（processeddatawaitingtobeoutputtosecondarystorage）.RAM,ROM,andCMOSarethreetypesofmemorychips.

microprocessor

Thecentralprocessingunit（CPU）ofamicrocomputercontrolsandmanipulatesdatatoproduceinformation.Themicroprocessoriscontainedonasingleintegratedcircuitchipandisthebrainsofthesystem.

MiniDisplayPort（MiniDP,mDP）

Aportthatanaudiovisualdevicetypicallyusestoconnectlargemonitors.TheseportsareusedwithmanyAppleMacintoshcomputers.

motherboard

Alsocalledasystemboard;thecommunicationsmediumfortheentiresystem.

multicorechip

AnewtypeofchipthatprovidestwoindependentCPUs,allowingtwoprogramstorunsimultaneously.Alsoseecentralprocessingunit.

musicalinstrumentdigitalinterface（MIDI）

AstandardthatallowsmusicalinstrumentstoconnecttothesystemusingMIDIports.

netbook

Atypeofmicrocomputerthatissmaller,lighter,andlessexpensivethananotebookcomputer.

networkadaptercard

Connectsthesystemunittoacablethatconnectstootherdevicesonthenetwork.

NetworkInterfaceCard（NIC）

Alsoknownasanetworkadaptercard.Theyareusedtoconnectacomputertooneormorecomputersformingacommunicationnetworkwherebyuserscansharedata,programs,andhardware.

networkinterfacecard（NIC）

Alsoknownasanetworkadaptercard.Usedtoconnectacomputertooneormorecomputersformingacommunicationnetworkwherebyuserscansharedata,programs,andhardware.

notebook

Asmall,portablesystemunitthatcontainselectroniccomponents,selectedsecondarystoragedevices,andinputdevices.

opticalaudioconnections

Portusedtointegratecomputersintohigh-endaudioandhometheatresystems.

parallelprocessing

Usedbysupercomputerstorunlargeandcomplexprograms.

PCcard

AlsoknownasPersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation（PCMCIA）card.Creditcard–sizedexpansioncardsdevelopedforportablecomputers.

PCcardslot

AlsoknownasPersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation（PCMCIA）cardslot.Creditcard–sizedexpansioncardsdevelopedforportablecomputers.

PCIExpress（PCIe） 

Newtypeofbusthatis30timesfasterthanPCIbus.

PCMCIAslot

SeePCcardslot.

PlugandPlay

Setofhardwareandsoftwarestandardsdevelopedtocreateoperatingsystems,processingunits,expansioncards,andotherdevicesthatareabletoconfigurethemselves.Whenthecomputerstartsup,itwillsearchforthePlugandPlaydeviceandautomaticallyconfigureittothesystem.

port

Connectingsocketontheoutsideofthesystemunit.Usedtoconnectinputandoutputdevicestothesystemunit.

powersupplyunit

Desktopcomputershaveapowersupplyunitlocatedwithinthesystemunitthatplugsint