BC305CommasPrint.docx

BC305CommasPrint.docx

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BC305CommasPrint

A.COMMAS

1.USEACOMMABEFOREACOORDINATECONJUNCTIONTHATJOINSTWOINDEPENDENTCLAUSES（I.E.,ACOMPOUNDSENTENCE）.

Whentwocompletethoughtsareconnectedbyand,or,but,for,nor,yet,so,placeacommabeforetheconjunctionand,or,but,for,nor,yet,so.Makecertainthattheconjunctionisconnectingtwocompletethoughts--thatis,eitherthoughtcanstandalonewithouttherestofthesentence.Suchasentenceisreferredtoasacompoundsentence.

Joeistall,andBillisshort.（Note:

Toavoidanargument,wewillplaceacommabeforethecoordinateconjunctioneveninveryshortcompoundsentences.）

Davidwilltypethereport,andSusanwilldistributethereport.

Doyouwishtopayfortheitemnow,orshallwechargeittoyouraccount?

IwillbegoneonTuesday,butMs.Hamiltonwillbegladtohelpyou.

Iwillnotgooutside,foritisrainingveryhard.

Iwillnotgototown,norwillIwatchtelevision.

Istudiedveryhard,yetIdidnotmakeagoodgradeontheexam.

Ihavefinishedwashingthecar,soyoushouldpayme$10.

Note:

Anextremelyshortcompoundsentencemightnotrequireacomma;however,forconsistency,wewillputacommabeforethecoordinateconjunctioninallcompoundsentences.

Inthisclasswewillrefertoand,or,butasbeing“pure”coordinateconjunctionsandfor,nor,yet,soasbeing“semi-pure”coordinateconjunctions.Acompoundsentencejoinedbya“pure”coordinateconjunctionmay“flip”（reverse）ClauseAandClauseBandwillusuallystillmakesense.[Johnwenttotown,andJoewenthome.Joewenthome,andJohnwenttotown.]Withthepossibleexceptionofthesemi-purecoordinateconjunctionyet,thisfactdoesnotnormallyholdincompoundsentencesjoinedby“semi-pure”coordinateconjunctions.

2.USECOMMASAFTERINTRODUCTORYDEPENDENTCLAUSES（IDCs）.

Anintroductorydependentclauseisagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandaverbthatoccursatthebeginningofasentence.However,thisclauseisnotacompletethoughtandcannotstandalone.Itrequiresamain（independent）clausetomakethesentencecomplete.

Introductorydependentclausesusuallybeginwithrecognizablewords（subordinateconjunctions）.Themostcommonwordsarewhen,as,andif.Othercommonexamplesofwordsusedassubordinateconjunctionsthatintroduceintroductorydependentclausesareafter,although,as,

aslongas,because,before,despite,eventhough,nowthat,once,provided,ratherthan,since,

sothat,though,unless,until,whenever,whether,andwhile.

WhenDr.Ellisarrives,Iwillaskhertocallyouroffice.

AsImayhavementionedearlier,thecontracthasalreadyexpired.

Ifyouprefer,wewillhavetheordershippeddirectlytoyou.

Althoughtwomonthshavepassed,westillhavenotheardfromyou.

Beforeyouordersupplies,youshouldcontactourpurchasingdepartment.

Becauseyouareavaluedcustomer,youwillreceiveadiscount.

AfterIstudythereport,Iwillwriteheramemo.

Whilewewerereviewingyouraccount,Inoticedthatyourcontractrenewalisscheduledfornextmonth.

Whetheryouarelookingforaspecificitemorgiftideasingeneral,youwillfindourclerkseagertohelp.

Note:

Mostdependentclausesdonot“trigger”acommawhentheyareplacedattheendofasentence;however,thesubordinateconjunctionsas,though,andalthoughareexceptionstothisrule.TheseexceptionsarediscussedinRule16.

Thefirstwordinanintroductorydependentclause（IDC）isalwaysasubordinateconjunction.Thisfactdoesnotmean,however,thatthefirstwordofalldependentclausesmustfunctiononlyasasubordinateconjunctionandnothingbutasubordinateconjunction.

Forexample,theword“as”mayfunctionasasubordinateconjunctionorasapreposition（whichwewillstudymomentarilyinRule3c）.Examinethefollowingtwosentences:

Asyouknow,Ienjoyplayinggolf.

Asaboy,Ienjoyedplayinggolf.

Theword“as”inthefirstsentenceisasubordinateconjunctionintroducingthedependentclause–asyouknow,....

Theword“as”inthesecondsentenceisaprepositionintroducingtheprepositionalphrase–asaboy,....

Thisdistinctionisimportantinordertobeabletodistinguishclausesfromphrases,which（asyouwilllearn）isnecessaryinordertowritewell,especiallywhenconstructingcompound-complexsentences.[Is“asyouwilllearn”aprepositionalphraseoradependentclause?

]

Anintroductorydependentclause（IDC）isstructuredasfollows:

Whenitrains,Istayinmyroom.（Notethecommaafteranintroductorydependentclause.）

Aterminaldependentclause（TDC）isstructuredasfollows:

Istayinmyroomwhenitrains.（Noticethatthereisnormallynopunctuationbeforeaterminaldependentclause.）

3.USECOMMASWITHINTRODUCTORYPHRASES.

（a）Anintroductoryinfinitivephrase（averbprecededby“to”）whenusedasamodifierisfollowedbyacomma.

Togetourproposalcompleted,wehadtoworkforthreemonthsafterclosinghours.

（b）Anintroductoryparticipialphrase（averbformusedasanadjectiveandendingwitheitheredoring）isfollowedbyacomma.

Dressedinblack,themoviestarwasveryeye-catching.

Leavingherumbrellaattheoffice,thesecretarygotwetwhilerunningtocatchherbus.

（c）Anintroductoryprepositionalphraseorphrasesconsistingoffive（5）ormorewordsoranintroductoryprepositionalphrasecontainingaverbformisalwaysfollowedbyacomma.

Aprepositionisawordthatlinksthe“object”oftheprepositiontoanotherwordinthesentence.

JackandJillwentupthehill.（“Up”isaprepositionconnecting“went”and“hill.”）

LittleJackHornersatinacorner.（“In”isaprepositionconnecting“sat”and“corner.”）

Thefollowingareverycommonlyusedprepositions:

aboutbehinddownoffto

abovebelowduringontoward

acrossbeneathexceptontounder

afterbesideforoutunderneath

againstbetweenfromoutsideuntil

alongbeyondinoverup

amongbutinsidepastupon

aroundbyintosincewith

atconcerninglikethroughwithin

beforedespiteofthroughoutwithout

Mostofthetime,prepositionalphrasesdonotoccuratthebeginningofasentence;however,whenaprepositionalphrase（orphrases）doesoccuratthebeginningofasentenceandconsistsoffive（5）ormorewordsorcontainsaverbform,theprepositionalphrase（orphrases）isalwayssetoffbyacomma:

AtthebeginningofouremploymentwithBrownandCompany,wewererequiredtocompleteatrainingcourse.

Aftergivingconsiderablethoughttoyoursuggestion,wehavedecidedtoadopttheproposal.

Ifacommaisnotneededforclarityfollowinganintroductoryprepositionalphraseoffewerthanfivewords,thecommamaybeomitted;however,manywritersusecommasafterallintroductoryprepositionalphrasestoavoidhavingtoanalyzeeachsituation.

4.USECOMMASBETWEENTHREEORMOREWORDS（ORRELATEDELEMENTS）INASERIES.

Thelastwordinaserieswillalwaysbeprecededbyeitherofthesetwowords:

and,or.Acommawillusuallybeplacedbeforeandandorinaseries.Someoffices,however,maypreferthatthiscommabeomitted.Usethestylepreferredinyouroffice.Inthisclass（thisoffice）,wewillplaceacommabeforeandandorinaseries.

LettersarrivedforMary,Todd,Steven,andJames.

TherearethreesubjectsIespeciallyenjoy--accounting,statistics,andeconomics.

PleasehaveMary,Todd,orStevenpreparethereport.

Pleaseasksomeonetoanswerthephone,sortthemail,andfileallcorrespondence.

5.USECOMMASWITHPARENTHETICALEXPRESSIONS.

Aparentheticalexpressionisawordorgroupofwordsthatinterruptsthenaturalflowofthesentence.Theseexpressionsareoftenusedtoaddemphasisorshowcontrast.Whenremovedfromthesentence,theexpressionsdonotchangethemeaningofthesentence.Parentheticalexpressionsmayoccuratthebeginningofthesentence,withinthesentence,orattheendofthesentence.

Whenthewordorphraseoccursinthemiddleofthesentence,placeacommabeforeandaftertheexpression.Iftheexpressionoccursatthebeginningofthesentence（referredtoasanintroductoryexpression）orattheendofthesentence,useonlyonecomma.Somecommonexamplesofparentheticalexpressionsareasfollows:

asarulefurthermoreinotherwords

forinstanceforexampleofcourse

ontheotherhandinfactneedlesstosay

howevernaturallynevertheless

Idonotbelieve,however,thatitwillraintoday.

Inotherwords,Suewillnotcompletetheaudituntilnextweek.

Idonotbelieve,however,thatthemergerwillbeapproved.

Youwillwanttotakeadvantageofoursale,ofcourse.

Idonotbelieveitwillraintonight.Ithink,though,thatitwillsnowtomorrow.

6.USECOMMASWITHAPPOSITIVES.

Anappositiveisawordorgroupofwords（aphrase）thatexplains,renames,oridentifiessomeoneorsomethingthatimmediatelyprecedesitinthesentence.

Appositivesareusuallysetoffbycommasfromtherestofthesentence.Someexamplesofappositivesareshownbelow:

Hisnewtextbook,BUSINESSCOMMUNICATIONS,hasnowbeenpublished.

Pleaseseeoursalesmanager,SallyStanfield.

Mr.HenryJackson,theSecretaryofState,willdeliverourcommencementaddress.

Appositivesmustgivemorethanyourlocation—theymusttellyouwhoyouare（renameordescribeyou）withanappropriatedegreeofspecificity.Anappositivewillalwaysconsistofmorethanaprepositionalphrase,althoughanappositivemaycontainaprepositionalphrase.

Weapprecia