Topic 12 科普知识与现代技术.docx
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Topic12科普知识与现代技术
TopicTwelvePopularScienceandModernTechnology科普知识与现代技术
话说中考
此类话题涉及科普知识和最尖端的现代化技术,是中考中难度最大的一部分,专业术语较多,词汇量大,多以说明文呈现在试卷中。
这就要求学生在平时多了解科普知识,关注尖端技术,热爱现代化,培养爱国主义精神。
解题思路:
整体把握文章大意,关注出题趋势,熟悉解题方法。
走进中考(兰州·2010)
Therehavebeenmanygreatinventionsorthingsthatchangedthewaywelive.Thefirstgreatinventionwastheonethatisstillveryimportanttoday—thewheel.Thismadeiteasiertocarryheavythingsandtotravellongdistance.
Forhundredsofyearsafterthattherewerefewinventionsthatasmucheffectasthewheel.Thenintheearly1800stheworldstartedtochange.Therewaslittleunknownlandleftintheworld.Peopledidn'thavetoexploremuchanymore.Theybegantoworkinsteadtomakelifebetter.
Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturymanygreatinventionsweremade.Amongthemwerethecamera,thelightandtheradio.Theseallplayabigpartinourdailylifetoday.
Thefirstpartofthe20thcenturysawmoregreatinventions.Thehelicopterin1909,movieswithsoundin1926,thecomputerin1928,jetplanesin1930.Thiswasalsoatimewhenanewmaterialwasfirstmade.Nyloncameoutin1935.Itchangedthekindofclothespeoplewore.
Themiddlepartofthe20thcenturybroughtnewwaystohelppeoplegetoverdiseases.Theyworkedverywell.Theymadepeoplehealthierandallowedthemtolivelonger.Bythe1960smostpeoplecouldexpecttolivetobeatleast60.
Bythistimemostpeopleindevelopedcountrieshadaverygoodlife.Ofcoursenewinventionscontinuedtobemade.Butmannowhadadesire(渴望)toexploreagain.Theearthwasknowntomanbutthestarswerenot.Manbeganlookingforwaystogointospace.Russiamadethefirststep.ThenUnitedStatestookastep.Sincethenothercountries,includingChinaandJapan,havemadetheirownstepsintospace.
In1969mantookhisbiggeststepawayfromtheearth.Americansfirstwalkedonthemoon.Thisiscertainlyjustabeginning,though.Newinventionswillsomedayallowustodothingswehaveneveryetdreamedof.
阅读短文,根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
()1.Thispassagetalksmainlyabout_______.
A.whycarswereveryimportant
B.whenlightwasinvented
C.howinventionsaffectpeople'sdailylife
D.whichcountrymadethefirststepintospace
()2.Accordingtothepassagemandidn'thaveadesiretoexplorealot_______.
A.atthebeginningof1800s
B.inthe1960s
C.sincethe1900s
D.fromthe1800sto1960s
()3.Inthe1800s,peoplebegantoworkinordertomake_______.
A.explorations
B.theirlifebetter
C.discoveries
D.atriptospace
()4.Nyloncameoutoffiveyearslaterthan_______.
A.radio
B.camera
C.jetplanes
D.movies
()5.Peoplecanlivelongerlivesbecause_______thathelpcurediseaseshaveworkedverywell.
A.doctors
B.newways
C.medicines
D.newhospitals
解析
1.C根据整篇文章的内容和“Therehavebeenmanygreatinventionsorthingsthatchangedthewaywelive.”可知文章主要讲述发明是怎样影响人们日常生活的,故正确答案为C。
2.A根据“Thenintheearly1800s...exploremuchanymore.”可以判断出正确答案为A。
3.B根据第“Theybegantoworkinsteadtomakelifebetter.”可知正确答案为B。
4.C根据“...jetplanesin1930.Thiswasalsoatime...Nyloncameoutin1935.”可知尼龙的发明要比喷气式飞机晚5年,故正确答案为C。
5.B根据“Themiddlepartofthe20thcenturybroughtnewwaystohelppeoplegetoverdiseases.”可知正确答案为B。
话题专练
一
Robotsarecomingintopeople'slivesthesedays.Robotshelppeoplealot.Japanesehousekeepingrobotscanmovechairs,sweepthefloor,takeawaydirtydishesandputdirtyclothesinwashingmachines.Intel,thefamouscomputermaker,hasdevelopedaself-controlledrobotcalledHerb.Herbcandosimplethingsthatpeopletellittodo,suchascleaningupwaste.
Recentlyalargerobotnamed"Probo"hasbeenhelpingchildrentofeellessworriedinhospital.Probohasatouchscreenonitsstomach.ThescreenteacheschildrenhowtouseProbo.Thegreenrobot'sfacecanmakeexpressionstoshowhowmedicaloperationswillmakethechildfeel."Themainaimofthisprojectistomakeemotionalcommunication(情感交流)withchildren,"saidJelleSaldien,oneoftheresearchers.
ProbowasinventedbyIvanHermans,presidentoftheAntyFoundation.HehadtheideaafterseeingthefilmI,Robot.Probo'sgreenheadandshortnosearefullyautomated(使自动化).Itstouchscreencanshowdifferentemotions,suchaspleasureandsadness,andcanalso"see"theexpressionsonhumanfacesandmakeeyecontact.
根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。
()1.Herbthatthefamouscomputermakerdevelopedis_______.
A.aman-controlledrobot
B.aself-controlledrobot
C.aJapanesebaby
D.averylargerobot
()2.Probewasinventedinorderto_______.
A.lookafterchildreninhospital
B.teachchildrenhowtouseit
C.showexpressionstochildren
D.makeemotionalcommunicationwithchildren
()3._______madeIvanHermanshavetheideaaboutinventing"Probo".
A.Herb
B.Childreninhospital
C.FilmI,Robot
D.Idon'tknow
()4.Theauthorimplies(暗示)that_______.
A.theJapaneserobotcanhelpchildrentodotheirhomework
B.Herbcanhelppeopletodohousework
C.robotswilltaketheplaceofpeopleinthefuture
D.Ivanisaninventorandthepresidentofhiscountry
()5.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat_______.
A.peoplearenotallowedtotouchProbe'sstomach
B.Probehastwokindsoffeeling:
happinessandsadness
C.whenaboyishappy,Probecanknowhowhefeels
D.ProboisoneoftherobotsinthefilmI,Robot
答案:
1.B根据短文第一段中“hasdevelopedaself-controlledrobotcalledHerb.”可知,Herb是一种自控机器人。
2.D根据短文第二段最后一句makeemotionalcommunicationwithchildren可知,创造“抱抱”机器人的主要目的是同孩子进行情感交流。
3.C根据短文最后一段内容可知,IvanHermans是在看了I,Robot这部影片后,得到的创造“抱抱”机器人的灵感。
4.B从整篇文章来看“机器人可以为人们做家务”,所以确定选B。
5.C根据短文可知,机器人Probo可以触摸;“抱抱”机器人不仅只有两种表情:
它不同于I,Robot影片中的机器人。
根据短文可知,“抱抱”机器人可以根据人的面部表情判断人的喜怒哀乐,故选C。
二
Kobian,aJapaneserobot,whichcanexpresssevenhumanemotions,hasbeenmadebyresearchersatauniversityofJapan.
Therobotcanexpresssevendifferentfeelings,includinghappiness,surprise,sadnessanddislike.Inordertousedifferentposestomatchthemood,Kobianusesmotorsinitsfacetomoveitslips,eyelidsandeyebrowsintodifferentpositions.
Toexpresshappiness,forexample,therobotputsitshandsoveritsheadandopensitsmouthandeyeswide.
Toshowsadness,Kobianhangsitsheadandholdsahanduptoitsfaceinagestureofsadness.
Kobiancanalsowalkaround,checkitsenvironmentanddosomework.Itishopeditwillbeagoodhelperforhumans.
根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。
()1.Kobiancanexpress_______humanemotions.
A.5B.6C.7D.8
()2.Kobiancanuse_______tomatchthemood.
A.face
B.eyelidsandeyebrows
C.lips
D.motorsindifferentpositions
()3.HowdoesKobianexpresssadness?
A.Itcanputitshandsoveritsheadandcry.
B.Itcanhangitsheadandholdahanduptoitsfaceinagestureofsadness.
C.Itcanfalldownitstears.
D.Itcanopenitsmouthandeyeswide.
()4.Thelastparagraphmainlytellsus_______.
A.Kobiancanwalkaround
B.Kobiancancheckitsenvironment
C.Kobiancandosomework
D.Kobianwillbeagoodhelperforhumans.
()5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTright?
A.KobianismadeinJapan.
B.Kobiandoessomehouseworkforhumanbeings.
C.Kobiancanuseexpressionstoitsheart.
D.Kobiancanexpresssevenhumanemotions,butitwon'ttaketheplaceofhumanbeings.
答案:
1.C短文中一、二两段都提到了这一点,可以表达七种人类情感。
2.D根据短文第二段最后一句内容可以确定本题答案。
3.B根据短文第四段的内容可以确定答案。
4.D根据最后一段内容可以看出,机器人能帮人类做很多事情,希望将来成为人类的好帮手。
5.C通读全文可以看出,机器人虽然能在很多方面代替人类工作,但是它没有思想,只是人类的工具。
三
Haveyoueverwishedtohaveanumbrellathatmakesyourhandsfree?
AlanKaufmanhascomeupwiththe"Nubrella".whichmeans"new"+"umbrella".Itisthefirsttrulyhands-freeumbrellaintheworld.Theinventorsaysthatitstopsrain,windandsnowandcankeepyourhead,faceandhairdry.
"Ineverplannedtoinventaproduct.Ijustnoticedaproblemandcameupwithasolution,"saidtheinventor.Theideafortheinventionbeganononerainyday.Mr.Kaufmanwasstandinginoneofhisstores.Hebegantolookatpeople'sumbrellas.Hefoundthattheyhadtotryveryhardtokeeptheirumbrellasintherightplace.Atthatmomentanideacameintohismind.Herantohisdeskanddrewapicture.Inthisway,theNubrellawasborn.
OnecoolfeatureoftheNubrellaisthatyoudon'tholditlikeanormalumbrella;youwearit.Theshoulderstraps(肩带)oftheNubrellaallowpeopletobefullyhands-free,sowhenwalkingintherainwiththeNubrella,youareabletouseyourcellphoneordrinkahotcupofcoffee.Also,theNubrellawillneverbeinverted(颠倒)inthewind.Thenewumbrellaisfarsaferthantraditionalones,becauseithasnosharppoints.
根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。
()1."Nubrella"isakindof_______umbrella.
A.normal
B.hands-free
C.traditional
D.paper
()2.Howcanyouusethe"Nubrella"?
A.YoucanweartheshoulderstrapsoftheNubrella.
B.YoucanputtheNubrellaonyourhead.
C.Youcanuseyourhandstocontrolit.
D.Youcanputitonyourbike.
()3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTright?
A."Nubrella"means"new"+"umbrella".
B.Theideaofthenewumbrellacamefromtherainyday.
C.Whenyouarewalkingintherain,you'dbettertaketheNubrella.
D.IfyougooutwiththeNubrellaintherain,you'ddrinkahotcupofcoffee.
()4.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat_______.
A.AlanKaufmanoftenusesumbrellasineverydaylife
B.thenewkindofumbrellawasinventedbyanumbrellastoreowner
C.theinventorthoughtforalongtimebeforeinventingtheNubrella
D.youcandootherthingswithyourhandswhenusingtheNubrella
()5.Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintends(意图)to_______.
A.introducethisnewkindofumbrellatopeoplewhoaresellingumbrellas
B.tellthereadersaboutagreatinventornamedAlanKaufman
C.tel