软件工程双语复习提纲精.docx

软件工程双语复习提纲精.docx

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软件工程双语复习提纲精

Chapter1AnIntroductiontoSoftwareEngineering

*Whatissoftware?

-ComputerprogramsandassociateddocumentationandData

-Twofundamentaltypesofsoftwareproduct:

genericproductsandcustomizedproducts

*Whatissoftwareengineering?

-Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhichisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction

*Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftwareengineeringandcomputerscience?

-Computerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryandfundamentals;

-softwareengineeringisconcernedwiththepracticalitiesofdevelopinganddeliveringusefulsoftware

*Whatisasoftwareprocess?

-Asetofactivitieswhosegoalisthedevelopmentorevolutionofsoftware

-Genericactivitiesinallsoftwareprocessesare:

•Specification、Development、Validation、Evolution

Chapter4SoftwareProcess

*Softwareprocess

-Softwareprocessesaretheactivitiesinvolvedinproducingandevolvingasoftwaresystem.

-Astructuredsetofactivitiesrequiredtodevelopasoftwaresystem:

specification;designandimplementation;validation;evolution.

-Generalprocessactivitiesarespecification,designandimplementation,validationandevolution.

*Softwareprocessmodels

-Softwareprocessmodelsareabstractrepresentationsoftheseprocesses.

-Genericprocessmodelsdescribetheorganisationofsoftwareprocesses.Examplesincludethewaterfallmodel,evolutionarydevelopmentand

component-basedsoftwareengineering.

-waterfallmodelisonlyappropriatewhentherequirementsarewell-understoodandchanges

-Thewaterfallmodelismostlyusedforlargesystemsengineeringprojectswhereasystemisdevelopedatseveralsites

-Therearetwofundamentaltypesofevolutionarydevelopment:

exploratorydevelopmentandthrow-awayprototyping

-Exploratorydevelopmentshouldstartwithwell-understoodrequirementsandaddnewfeaturesasproposedbythecustomer

-Throw-awayprototypingshouldstartwithpoorlyunderstoodrequirementstoclarifywhatisreallyneeded.

-Evolutionarydevelopmentismostlyusedforsmallormedium-sizeinteractivesystemsandshort-lifetimesystems

*Iterativeprocessmodelsdescribethesoftwareprocessasacycleofactivities

Chapter5Projectmanagement

*Primaryprojectmanagementactivities:

-Proposalwriting.

-Projectplanningandscheduling.

-Projectcosting.

-Projectmonitoringandreviews.

-Personnelselectionandevaluation.

-Reportwritingandpresentations.

*Projectplanning

-Milestonesaretheend-pointofaprocessactivity.

-Deliverablesareprojectresultsdeliveredtocustomers.

*Projectscheduling

-Organizetasksconcurrentlytomakeoptimaluseofworkforce.

-Minimizetaskdependenciestoavoiddelayscausedbyonetaskwaitingforanothertocomplete.

-Graphicalnotationsusedtoillustratetheprojectschedule:

barchartsandactivitynetworks

-Activitychartsshowtaskdependenciesandthecriticalpath.

-Barchartsshowscheduleagainstcalendartime.

Taskdurationsanddependencies

Activitynetwork

Activitybarchart（Ganttchart

Staffallocationvs.timechartchart

*Riskmanagement

-Threerelatedcategoriesofrisk:

projectrisks,productrisks,businessrisks-Projectrisksaffectscheduleorresources;

-Productrisksaffectthequalityorperformanceofthesoftwarebeing

developed;

-Businessrisksaffecttheorganisationdevelopingorprocuringthesoftware-Theprocessofriskmanagementinvolvesseveralstages:

Riskidentification,Riskanalysis,Riskplanning,Riskmonitoring.

-Riskidentification:

Identifyproject,productandbusinessrisks;

-Riskanalysis:

Assessthelikelihoodandconsequencesoftheserisks;

-Riskplanning:

Drawupplanstoavoidorminimisetheeffectsoftherisk;

-Riskmonitoring:

Monitortherisksthroughouttheproject;

Theriskmanagementprocess

Chapter6SoftwareRequirements

*Typesofrequirement:

-Functionalandnon-functionalrequirements

-Userrequirementsandsystemrequirements

*Functionalandnon-functionalrequirements

-Functionalrequirements

•Statementsofservicesthesystemshouldprovide,howthesystemshouldreacttoparticularinputsandhowthesystemshouldbehavein

particularsituations.

-Non-functionalrequirements

•Constraintsontheservicesorfunctionsofferedbythesystemsuchastimingconstraints,constraintsonthedevelopmentprocess,standards,

etc.

-Thetypesofnon-functionalrequirementare:

productrequirements,

organisationalrequirements,externalrequirements.

-Functionalrequirementssetoutservicesthesystemshouldprovide.

-Non-functionalrequirementsconstrainthesystembeingdevelopedorthe

developmentprocess.

*Inprinciple,requirementsshouldbebothcompleteandconsistent.

-Complete

•Theyshouldincludedescriptionsofallfacilitiesrequired.

-Consistent

•Thereshouldbenoconflictsorcontradictionsinthedescriptionsofthesystemfacilities.

Chapter7RequirementsEngineeringProcesses

*Therequirementsengineeringprocessincludes

-Feasibilitystudy,requirementselicitationandanalysis,requirementsspecificationandrequirementsmanagement.

Chapter8SystemModel

*Differentmodelspresentthesystemfromdifferentperspectives

•Externalperspectiveshowingthesystem’scontextorenvironment;

•Behaviouralperspectiveshowingthebehaviourofthesystem;

•Structuralperspectiveshowingthesystemordataarchitecture.

*Twotypesofbehaviouralmodelare:

•Dataflowmodelsthatshowhowdataisprocessedasitmovesthroughthesystem;

•Statemachinemodelsthatshowthesystemsresponsetoevents.

Chapter11ArchitecturalDesign

*Architectureandsystemcharacteristics

-performance

•Localisecriticaloperationsandminimisecommunications.Uselargeratherthanfine-graincomponents.

-security

•Usealayeredarchitecturewithcriticalassetsintheinnerlayers.

-safety

•Localisesafety-criticalfeaturesinasmallnumberofsub-systems.

-Availability

•Includeredundantcomponentsandmechanismsforfaulttolerance.

-Maintainability

•Usefine-grain,replaceablecomponents,avoiddatashare

Chapter12DistributedSystemsArchitectures

*Distributedsystemsarchitectures

-Client-serverarchitectures

•Distributedserviceswhicharecalledonbyclients.Serversthatprovideservicesaretreateddifferentlyfromclientsthatuseservices.

-Distributedobjectarchitectures

•Nodistinctionbetweenclientsandservers.Anyobjectonthesystemmayprovideanduseservicesfromotherobjects.

*Middlewareisusuallyoff-the-shelfratherthanspeciallywrittensoftware.

*Layeredapplicationarchitecture

-Presentationlayer

•Concernedwithpresentingtheresultsofacomputationtosystemusersandwithcollectinguserinputs.

-Applicationprocessinglayer

•Concernedwithprovidingapplicationspecificfunctionalitye.g.,inabankingsystem,bankingfunctionssuchasopenaccount,closeaccount,

etc.

-Datamanagementlayer

•Concernedwithmanagingthesystemdatabases.

*Thinandfatclients

-Thin-clientmodel

•Inathin-clientmodel,alloftheapplicationprocessinganddatamanagementiscarriedoutontheserver.Theclientissimply

responsibleforrunningthepresentationsoftware.

-Fat-clientmodel

•Inthismodel,theserverisonlyresponsiblefordatamanagement.Thesoftwareontheclientimplementstheapplicationlogicandthe

interactionswiththesystemuser.

*Three-tierarchitectures

A3-tierC/Sarchitecture

*P2Parchitecturalmodels

-Peertopeerarchitecturesaredecentralisedarchitectureswherethereisnodistinctionbetweenclientsandservers.

-Thelogicalnetworkarchitecture

•Decentralisedarchitectures;

•Semi-centralisedarchitectures.

Decentralisedp2parchitecture

Semi-centralisedp2parchitecture

Chapter13Applicationarchitectures

*Importantclassesofapplicationaredataprocessingsystems,transactionprocessingsystems,eventprocessingsystemsandlanguageprocessingsystem.

*Dataprocessingsystemsoperateinbatchmodeandhaveaninput-process-outputstructure.

Chapter14Object-orientedDesign

*Objectsandobjectclasses

-Objectsareentitiesinasoftwaresystemwhichrepresentinstancesofreal-worldandsystementities.

-Objectsaremembersofclassesthatdefineattributetypesandoperations.

-Objectclassesaretemplatesforobjects.Theymaybeusedtocreateobjects.

-Objectclassesmayinheritattributesandservicesfromotherobjectclasses.

*Use-casemodelsareusedtorepresenteachinteractionwiththesystem.

Chapter16Userinterfacedesign*Humanfactorsininterfacedesign-Limitedshort-termmemory•Peoplecaninstantaneouslyrememberabout7itemsofinformation.Ifyoupresentmorethanthis,theyaremoreliabletomakemistakes.-Peoplemakemistakes•Whenpeoplemakemistakesandsystemsgowrong,inappropriatealarmsandmessagescanincreasestressandhencethelikelihoodofmoremistakes.-Peoplearedifferent•Peoplehaveawiderangeofphysicalcapabilities.Designersshouldnotjustdesignfortheirowncapabilities.-Peoplehavedifferentinteractionpreferences•Somelikepictures,someliketext.*Userinterfacedesignprinciples

*MVCapproaches（Informationpresentation,pp.370Figure:

theMVCmodelofuserinteraction*HowtodesignUI（Informationpresentation,pp.375Pleasetypethepatient’snameintheboxthenclickonOKPatient’snameMacDonald,R.OKCancelFigure**.1AninputtextboxusedbyanurseUser-orientederrormessageSystem-orientederrormessageError#27InvalidpatientidR.MacDonaldisnotaregisteredpatientClickonPatientsforalistofpatientClickonRetrytore-inputthepatient’snameClickonHelpformoreinformationPatientsHelpRetryCancelOKCancelFigure**.2systemanduser-orientederrormessages*TheUIdesignprocess-