外文文献翻译蓝牙技术中英文.docx

外文文献翻译蓝牙技术中英文.docx

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外文文献翻译蓝牙技术中英文

蓝牙技术外文文献翻译

（含：

英文原文及中文译文）

文献出处：

KNieberl.TelemedicineECG-telemetrywithBluetoothtechnology[J]ComputersinCardiologyIEEE,2016,5（3）:

58-69.

英文原文

BluetoothTechnology

KarlNieberl

Introduction

Bluetoothisaforever,limitedradioconnectthatresidesonamicrochip.ItwasoriginallyexpandedthroughSwedishmobilephonecreatorEricssonin1994asamethodtoletlaptopcomputersmakecallsaboveamobilephone.Asthen,numerousorganizationshavesignedontocreateBluetooththelow-powerthoughtlesswirelessaverageforabroadvarietyofdevices（LeVitus,216-220）.IndustryspectatorsanticipateBluetoothtobefittedinbillionsofdevicesthrough2005.

Discussion

DevelopedbyengineersatEricssoninthelate1990s,Bluetoothismoreandmorespecialtechnologythatfacilitatesthoughtlesswirelesscommunicationamongadiversityofelectronicdevices.Itsmainlyimportantaspectisthatitpermitsdevicesto“talk”（relocateandorchestratedata）wirelesslywitheachother,terminatingtherequirementfortheoutwardlycontinuoustangleofcables,cords,andadaptersimportantfornumeroustoday’sexpertise.

TheBluetoothSpecialInterestGroup（SIG）wasformedin1998tomanagetheexpansionandprologueofBluetoothknowledge（LeVitus,216-220）.IBM,Intel,ToshibaandNokiaconnectedwithEricssonasthebeginningassociatesoftheSIG,andinexcessof8,000organizationshavecontractedsince.SoastotradeproductswiththeBluetoothrequirementandlogo,manufacturersshouldbeassociatesoftheSIGandthedevicesshouldmeetwell-outlinedcredentials.TheseproceduresmakesurethatBluetoothwirelessdevicesinternationalmayconversewitheachother,apartfromcompanyornationofderivation.

SpeedandRange

RangeisapplicationspecificandalthoughaminimumrangeismandatedbytheCoreSpecification,thereisnotalimitandmanufacturerscantunetheirimplementationtosupporttheusecasetheyareenabling.

Rangemayvarydependingonclassofradiousedinanimplementation:

∙Class3radios–havearangeofupto1meteror3feet

∙Class2radios–mostcommonlyfoundinmobiledevices,havearangeof10metersor33feet

∙Class1radios–usedprimarilyinindustrialusecases,havearangeof100metersor300feet

ThatcreatesBluetoothtechnologyappropriatefortransportinglesserfilesforexamplecellphonecontractsandtextdocuments,alsoaslower-qualitypicturesandaudio（Kumkum,160-162）.Attheserelocatespeeds;Bluetoothmaynotactuallydealstreamingvideoorhigh-qualitypicturesandaudioatthisend,exceptthispossiblywillalterinthefuturewhenfreshBluetoothstandardsareinitiated.

SimpleandCompetenttoUtilize

CreatingandconfiguringBluetoothalloweddevicesismoderatelyuncomplicated,withlittleextracommotionthanacquirethetwodevicesclosetooneanotherandtwistthemon.Thereisnorequirementtomountdriversorfurthersoftwaretocomplexanad-hoc,personalwirelessnetwork（Kumkum,160-162）.Ithasauniformorganization,meaningthatsometwowirelessproductsattributingBluetoothtechnology,despiteofproductornationoforigin,havetheabilitytoconversefaultlesslywitheachother.

CommonApplications

OneofthemainlyordinaryapplicationsofBluetoothishands-freecellphoneprocedure.AbouteachcellphonefashionedinourdayhasconstructedBluetooth（Meier,15-20）.OnlypairphonewithaBluetoothheadset,andhemaytalkwhereashisphoneisinhispurseorpocket.Severaloftoday’scarstereosaswellhavefittedBluetoothforhands-freecallinginhisvehicle.Andifhisvehiclehasaplantstereoorgrown-upaftermarketonethathemerelydoesn’twishtorestore,hemayyetlikehands-freeidentifyingwithaBluetoothcarkit.

Bluetooth

BluetoothisthefreshBluetoothwirelesstypicaladoptedthroughtheBluetoothSIGonApril21,2020.Thefreshstandardsupportselevateddataremovespeedsandconstructsaheadtheprecedingstandards（Meier,15-20）.Withitssuperiorspeed,thetechnologyhastheprobabletotransfiguretheconsumerelectronicsindustry.

PROTOCOL

TheBluetoothtechnologystandardissettomakedifferentapplicationscan“communicate”witheachother.Remotedevicesincommunicationusethesameprotocolstacks,whiledifferentapplicationsneeddifferentprotocolstacks.But,everyapplicationneedsthedatalinklayerandphysicallayeroftheBluetoothtechnology.ThewholeBluetoothprotocolstacksisshownasblow.Notanyapplicationshouldusealloftheprotocols,butoneorsomelistsofthese.Thechartbelowshowstherelationshipbetweenprotocols,buttherelationshipmaychangeinsomeapplications.

ThecompletelyprotocolstacksincludeBluetoothspecialprotocols（likeLMPandL2CAP）andnotspecialones（suchasOBEXandUDP）.Thebasicprinciplefordesigningprotocolandprotocolstacksisthatuseexistinghighlevelprotocolaspossible,ensurethecombinationofprotocolsandBluetoothtechnology,andtakethebestadvantageofthesoftwareandhardwarewhichadapttotheBluetoothtechnologystandards.TheopenBluetoothtechnologymakesdevicemanufacturerscanchooseprotocolsfreelyastheylikeorusedto.

TheprotocolsinBluetoothprotocolsystem

TherearefourlayersinBluetoothprotocolsystemaccordingtotheSIG

∙Coreprotocols

∙Cablereplacementprotocols

∙Telephonycontrolprotocols

∙Adoptedprotocols

Excepttheprotocollayersabove,thestandardalsodefinesHost/ControllerInterface（HCI）,whichprovidescommandinterfaceforbasebandcontroller,connectionmanager,hardwarestateandcontrolregister.

BluetoothcoreprotocolsconsistofthespecialprotocolsmadebySIG.MostBluetoothdevicesneedcoreprotocols,whileotherprotocolsareuseddependonneedsoftheapplication.Afterall,cablereplacementprotocols,technologycontrolprotocolsandadoptedprotocolsbasedonthecoreprotocolsconstitutetheobject-orientedprotocols.

∙Coreprotocols

∙LMP（LinkManagementProtocol）

Usedforcontroloftheradiolinkbetweentwodevices.Implementedonthecontrollers.Itidentifiesandencryptsthroughlaunching,exchangingandcheckingtheconnection,anddecidesthesizeofbasebanddatapacketsthroughconference.Italsocontrolsthepowermodeandworkcycleofwirelessequipment,andconnectionstatusofunitequipmentinpiconet.

∙L2CAP（LogicalLinkControl&AdaptationProtocol）

Thisprotocolisusedtomultiplexmultiplelogicalconnectionsbetweentwodevicesusingdifferenthigherlevelprotocols,andprovidessegmentationandreassemblyofon-airpackets.

InBasicmode,L2CAPprovidespacketswithapayloadconfigurableupto64kB,supportedMTU.

InRetransmission&FlowControlmodes,L2CAPcanbeconfiguredforreliableorisochronousdataperchannelbyperformingretransmissionsandCRCchecks.BluetoothCoreSpecificationAddendum1addstwoadditionalL2CAPmodestothecorespecification.ThesemodeseffectivelydeprecateoriginalRetransmissionandFlowControlmodes:

∙EnhancedRetransmissionMode（ERTM）:

Thismodeisanimprovedversionoftheoriginalretransmissionmode.ThismodeprovidesareliableL2CAPchannel.

∙StreamingMode（SM）:

Thisisaverysimplemode,withnoretransmissionorflowcontrol.ThismodeprovidesanunreliableL2CAPchannel.

Reliabilityinanyofthesemodesisoptionallyand/oradditionallyguaranteedbythelowerlayerBluetoothBDR/EDRairinterfacebyconfiguringthenumberofretransmissionsandflushtimeout（timeafterwhichtheradiowillflushpackets）.In-ordersequencingisguaranteedbythelowerlayer.

OnlyL2CAPchannelsconfiguredinERTMorSMmaybeoperatedoverAMPlogicallinks.

∙SDP（ServiceDiscoveryProtocol）

ServiceDiscoveryProtocol（SDP）allowsadevicetodiscoverservicessupportedbyotherdevices,andtheirassociatedparameters.Forexample,whenconnectingamobilephonetoaBluetoothheadset,SDPwillbeusedfordeterminingwhichmultiplexersettingsneededtoconnecttoeachofthem.Eachserviceisidentifiedprofiles）assignedashortformUUID（16bitsratherthanthefull128）/vichitra

∙Cablereplacementprotocols（RFCOMM）

Radiofrequencycommunications（RFCOMM）isacablereplacementprotocolusedtocreateavirtualserialdatastream.RFCOMMprovidesforbinarydatatransportandlayer.

RFCOMMprovidesasimplereliabledatastreamtotheuser,similartoTCP.ItisuseddirectlybymanytelephonyrelatedprofilesasacarrierforATcommands,aswellasbeingatransportlayerforOBEXoverBluetooth.

∙Telephonycontrolprotocols（TCP）.

Telephonycontrolprotocol-binary（TCSBIN）isthebit-orientedprotocolthatdefinesthecallcontrolsignalingfortheestablishmentofvoiceanddatacallsbetweenBluetoothdevices.Additionally,"TCSBINdefinesmobilitymanagementproceduresforhandlinggroupsofBluetoothTCSdevices."

TCS-BINisonlyusedbythecordlesstelephonyprofile,whichfailedtoattractimplementers.Assuchitisonlyofhistoricalinterest.

∙Adoptedprotocols

Adoptedprotocolsaredefinedbyotherstandards-makingorganizationsandincorporatedintoBluetooth’sprotocolstack,allowingBluetoothtocreateprotocolsonlywhennecessary.Theadoptedprotocolsinclude:

∙Point-to-PointProtocol（PPP）:

InternetstandardprotocolfortransportingIPdatagramsoverapoint-to-pointlink.

∙TCP/IP/UDP:

ForcommunicatingwiththedeviceconnectedtoInternet.∙ObjectExchangeProtocol（OBEX）:

Session-layerprotocolfortheexchangeofobjects,providingamodelforobjectandoperationrepresentation.Itusestheclient-servermode.

∙WirelessApplicationEnvironment/WirelessApplicationProtocol（WAE/WAP）:

WAEspecifiesanapplicationframeworkforwirelessdevicesandWAPisanopenstandardtoprovidemobileusersaccesstotelephonyandinformationservices.