外文文献翻译蓝牙技术中英文.docx

1、外文文献翻译蓝牙技术中英文蓝牙技术外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：K Nieberl. Telemedicine ECG-telemetry with Bluetooth technologyJ Computers in Cardiology IEEE, 2016,5(3):58-69.英文原文 Bluetooth TechnologyKarl NieberlIntroductionBluetooth is a forever, limited radio connect that resides on a microchip. It was originally expa

2、nded through Swedish mobile phone creator Ericsson in 1994 as a method to let laptop computers make calls above a mobile phone. As then, numerous organizations have signed on to create Bluetooth the low-power thoughtless wireless average for a broad variety of devices (LeVitus, 216-220). Industry sp

3、ectators anticipate Bluetooth to be fitted in billions of devices through 2005.DiscussionDeveloped by engineers at Ericsson in the late 1990s, Bluetooth is more and more special technology that facilitates thoughtless wireless communication among a diversity of electronic devices. Its mainly importa

4、nt aspect is that it permits devices to “talk” (relocate and orchestrate data) wirelessly with each other, terminating the requirement for the outwardly continuous tangle of cables, cords, and adapters important for numerous todays expertise.The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed in 1

5、998 to manage the expansion and prologue of Bluetooth knowledge (LeVitus, 216-220). IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia connected with Ericsson as the beginning associates of the SIG, and in excess of 8,000 organizations have contracted since. So as to trade products with the Bluetooth requirement and log

6、o, manufacturers should be associates of the SIG and the devices should meet well-outlined credentials. These procedures make sure that Bluetooth wireless devices international may converse with each other, apart from company or nation of derivation.Speed and RangeRange is application specific and a

7、lthough a minimum range is mandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feetCla

8、ss 2 radios most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feetClass 1 radios used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feetThat creates Bluetooth technology appropriate for transporting lesser files for example cell phone contracts and text

9、documents, also as lower-quality pictures and audio (Kumkum, 160-162). At these relocate speeds; Bluetooth may not actually deal streaming video or high-quality pictures and audio at this end, except this possibly will alter in the future when fresh Bluetooth standards are initiated.Simple and Compe

10、tent to UtilizeCreating and configuring Bluetooth allowed devices is moderately uncomplicated, with little extra commotion than acquire the two devices close to one another and twist them on. There is no requirement to mount drivers or further software to complex an ad-hoc, personal wireless network

11、 (Kumkum, 160-162). It has a uniform organization, meaning that some two wireless products attributing Bluetooth technology, despite of product or nation of origin, have the ability to converse faultlessly with each other.Common ApplicationsOne of the mainly ordinary applications of Bluetooth is han

12、ds-free cell phone procedure. About each cell phone fashioned in our day has constructed Bluetooth (Meier, 15-20). Only pair phone with a Bluetooth headset, and he may talk whereas his phone is in his purse or pocket. Several of todays car stereos as well have fitted Bluetooth for hands-free calling

13、 in his vehicle. And if his vehicle has a plant stereo or grown-up aftermarket one that he merely doesnt wish to restore, he may yet like hands-free identifying with a Bluetooth car kit.Bluetooth Bluetooth is the fresh Bluetooth wireless typical adopted through the Bluetooth SIG on April 21, 2020. T

14、he fresh standard supports elevated data remove speeds and constructs ahead the preceding standards (Meier, 15-20). With its superior speed, the technology has the probable to transfigure the consumer electronics industry.PROTOCOLThe Bluetooth technology standard is set to make different application

15、s can “communicate” with each other. Remote devices in communication use the same protocol stacks, while different applications need different protocol stacks. But, every application needs the data link layer and physical layer of the Bluetooth technology. The whole Bluetooth protocol stacks is show

16、n as blow. Not any application should use all of the protocols, but one or some lists of these. The chart below shows the relationship between protocols, but the relationship may change in some applications.The completely protocol stacks include Bluetooth special protocols (like LMP and L2CAP) and n

17、ot special ones (such as OBEX and UDP). The basic principle for designing protocol and protocol stacks is that use existing high level protocol as possible, ensure the combination of protocols and Bluetooth technology, and take the best advantage of the software and hardware which adapt to the Bluet

18、ooth technology standards. The open Bluetooth technology makes device manufacturers can choose protocols freely as they like or used to.The protocols in Bluetooth protocol systemThere are four layers in Bluetooth protocol system according to the SIGCore protocolsCable replacement protocolsTelephony

19、control protocolsAdopted protocolsExcept the protocol layers above, the standard also defines Host/Controller Interface (HCI),which provides command interface for baseband controller, connection manager, hardware state and control register.Bluetooth core protocols consist of the special protocols ma

20、de by SIG. Most Bluetooth devices need core protocols, while other protocols are used depend on needs of the application. After all, cable replacement protocols, technology control protocols and adopted protocols based on the core protocols constitute the object-oriented protocols.Core protocolsLMP

21、(Link Management Protocol)Used for control of the radio link between two devices. Implemented on the controllers. It identifies and encrypts through launching, exchanging and checking the connection, and decides the size of baseband data packets through conference. It also controls the power mode an

22、d work cycle of wireless equipment, and connection status of unit equipment in piconet.L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)This protocol is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different higher level protocols, and provides segmentation and reassembl

23、y of on-air packets.In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64kB, supported MTU.In Retransmission & Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous data per channel by performing retransmissions and CRC checks. Bluetooth Core Specification Adde

24、ndum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes:Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM): This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel.St

25、reaming Mode (SM): This is a very simple mode, with no retransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retrans

26、missions and flush timeout (time after which the radio will flush packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer.Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links.SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) allows a device to dis

27、cover services supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them. Each service is identified profiles) assigned a short form UU

28、ID (16 bits rather than the full 128)/vichitraCable replacement protocols(RFCOMM)Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used to create a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and layer.RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to t

29、he user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.Telephony control protocols (TCP).Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call co

30、ntrol signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices.TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract implementers. As such it

31、is only of historical interest.Adopted protocolsAdopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooths protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet sta

32、ndard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link.TCP/IP/UDP: For communicating with the device connected to Internet. Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX): Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation. It uses the client-server mode.Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol (WAE/WAP):WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.