天津科技大学生物工程专业英语部分电子版.docx

天津科技大学生物工程专业英语部分电子版.docx

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天津科技大学生物工程专业英语部分电子版

天津科技大学生物工程专业英语部分电子版

Chapter1Introduction

1.1Thenatureofbiotechnology

Biotechnologyisanareaofappliedbioscienceandtechnologywhichinvolvesthepracticalapplicationofbiologicalorganisms,ortheirsubcellularcomponentstomanufacturingandserviceindustriesandtoenvironmentalmanagement?

.Biotechnology5utilizesbacteria,yeasts,fungi,algae,plantcellsorculturedmammaliancellsasconstituentsofindustrialprocesses.Successfulapplicationofbiotechnologywillresultonly?

fromtheintegrationofamultiplicityofscientificdisciplinesandtechnologies,includingmicrobiology,biochemistry,genetics,molecularbiology,chemistryandchemicalandprocessengineering.to

Biotechnologicalprocesseswillnormallyinvolvetheproductionofcellsorbiomass,andtheachievementofdesiredchemicaltransformations.Thelattermaybefurthersubdividedinto:

（a）formationofadesiredendproduct（e.g.enzymes,,organicacids,steroids）;.15

（b）decompositionofagivenstartingmaterial（e.g.sewagedisposal,,destructionofindustrialwastesoroilspillages）.

Thereactionsofbiotechnologicalprocessescanbecatabolic,inwhichcomplexcompoundsarebrokendowntosimplerones（glucosetoethanol）,oranabolicorbiosynthetic,wherebysimplemoleculesarebuiltupintomorecomplexones（antibiotic20synthesis）.Catabolicreactionsareusuallyexergonicwhereasanabolicreactionsarenormallyendergonic.

Biotechnologyincludesfermentationprocesses（rangingfrombeersandwinestobread,cheese,antibioticsandvaccines）waterandwastetreatment,partsoffoodtechnology,andanincreasingrangeofnovelapplicationsrangingfrombiomedicalto25metalrecoveryfromlowgradeores.Becauseofitsversatility,biotechnologywillexertamajorimpactinmanyindustrialprocessesandintheoryalmostallorganicmaterialscouldbeproducedbybiotechnologicalmethods.Predictionsoffutureworldwidemarketpotentialforbiotechnologicalproductsintheyear2000havebeenestimatedatnearlyUS$G5bn（Table1.1）.However,itmustalsobeappreciatedthatmanyimportantnew30bio-productswillstillbesynthesizedchemicallyfrommodelsderivedfromexistingbiologicalmolecules,e.g.,newdrugsbasedontheinterferons?

.Thustheinterfacebetweenbioscienceandchemistryanditsrelationshiptobiotechnologymustbebroadlyinterpreted.

1.6Summary...

Biotechnologycanbeconsideredtobetheapplicationofbiologicalorganismsandprocessestomanufacturingindustries.Biotechnologyencompassesawiderangeofdisciplinesandsubjects.Althoughpresentdayactivitiesarehighlysophisticatedandnovelmanyoftheprocesseshavetheirrootsinthedawnofhistory.

Thespecificprocessesarecatalysedbymicroorganisms,plantoranimalcells,or5productsderivedfromthemsuchasenzymes.Theorganismsofbiotechnologycanbeharvestedforbiomass,canbeusedto•performchemicalconversionsandmaybethesourceofbiologicallyactivemolecules,includingenzymesandmonoclonalantibodies.

Genemanipulationtechniqueshavebroughtanewdimensiontoappliedgeneticsandhavecreatedthepotentialforcompletelynovelindustrialprocesses,forexamplehuman10interferonproducedbybacterialcells.Significantdevelopmentsarealsooccurringinprocessandcontrolengineeringandfermentationtechnologywhichwillfurtheradvancethedevelopmentofbiologically-basedindustrialactivity.

Biotechnologyappearstobeanareaofexpansionandopportunityinvolvingmanysectorsofindustry,includingagriculture,foodandfeedstuffs,pharmaceutical,energyand15waterindustries.ItwillplayamajOrroleintheproductionofnewdrugs,hormones,vaccinesandantibiotics,cheaperandmorereliablesuppliesofenergyand（inthelongerterm）chemicalfeedstuffs,improvedenvironmentalcontrolandwastemanagement.Biotechnologywillbelargelybasedonrenewableandrecyclablematerialsthusbeingbetterfittedtotheneedsofaworldwhereenergywillbecomeincreasinglymore20expensiveandinshortsupply.I

Chapter2BiochemistryofGrowthandMetabolism

2.1Introduction

Thepurposeofamicroorganismistomakeanothermicroorganism1Insomecasesthebiotechno1ogist,whoseekstoexploitthemicroorganism,maywishthistohappenas

frequentlyandasquicklyaspossible.Inothercases,wheretheproductisnottheorganismitself,thebiotechnologistmustmanipulateitinsuchawaythattheprimarygoalofthemicrobeisdiverted.Asthemicroorganismthenstrivestoovercometheserestraintsonitsreproductivecapacity,itproducestheproductwhichthebiotechnologistdesires.Thegrowthoftheorganismanditsvariousproductsarethereforeintimately

linkedbyvirtueofitsmetabolism.

Metabolismisamatrixoftwocloselyinterlinkedbutdivergentactivities.Anabolicprocessesareconcernedwiththebuildingupofcellmaterials,notonlythemajorcellconstituents（proteins,nucleicacids,lipids,carbohydrates.etc.）butalsotheirintermediateprecursors—aminoacids,purineandpyrimidines,fattyacicls,varioussugars

andsugarphosphates.Anabolicprocessesdonotoccurspontaneously:

theymustbedrivenbyanenergyflowthatformostmicroorganismsisprovidedbyaseriesof

‘energy-yielding’catabolicprocesses.ThedegradationofcarbohydratestoCO2andwateristhemostcommonofthesecatabolicprocesses,butafarwiderrangeofreducedcarboncompoundscanbeutilizedbymicroorganismsinthisway.Thecouplingofcatabolicand

anabolicprocessesisthebasisofallmicrobialbiochemistry,andcanbediscussedeitherintermsoftheoverallbalanceorintermsofindividualprocesses,ashere.

Inpracticewecanveryusefullydistinguishbetweenorganismswhichcarryouttheirmetabolismaerobically,usingoxygenfromtheair,andthosethatareabletodothisanaerobically,thatis,withoutoxygen.Theoverallreactionofreducedcarboncompounds

withoxygen,togivewaterandCO2,isahighlyexothermicprocess;anaerobicorganismcanthereforebalancearelativelysmalleruseofitssubstratesforcatabolismtosustainagivenlevelofanabolism,thatis,ofgrowth.Substratetransformationsforanaerobicorganismsareessentiallydisproportionations,witharelativelylow‘energyyield‘,sothatalargerproportionofthesubstratehastobeusedcatabolicallytosustainagiven

levelofanabolism.

Thedifferenceisveryclearlyillustratedinanorganismsuchasyeast,whichisafacultativeanaerobethatis,itcanexisteitheraerobicallyoranaerobically.Transformingsugaratthesamerate,aerobicyeastgivesCO2,water,andarelativelyhighyieldofnewyeast,whereasyeastgrownanaerobicallyhasarelativelyslowgrowth

whichisnowcoupledtoahighconversionofsugarintoethanolandCO2.

Chapter3AppliedGenetics

Theinitialstepindevelopingabiotechnologicalprocessisgenerallyasearchforasuit-ableorganism.Suchorganismswillbeexpectedtocreateaproductorservicethatwillgenerateafinancialreturntothatindustry.Inpractice,thegeneticisthastoselectanor-ganismthatproducesthedesiredproduct.Onceasuitableorganismisfound,convention-5albreedingandmutagenesismethodsareusedwherepossibletoinducegeneticchangesthatmayproduceevenmoreofthedesiredproduct.Selectionofimproved.organismsistediousandtimedemandingandmostofthemethodsavailabletothegeneticistsupuntilrecentlyhaveinvolvedtrialanderror.However,newgenetictechnologies,i.e.protoplastfusionandtheuseofrecombinantDNAtechniques,areallowingnewapproachesby10whichusefulgenetictraitscanbeinserteddirectlyintothechosenorganism.Thus,totallynewcapabilitiescanbeengineeredandmicroorganismsinparticularandplantandanimalcellstoalesserextentmaybemadetoproducesubstancesbeyondtheirnaturallyendowedgeneticcapabilities.

Increasedproductivityisnottheonlygoaloftheappliedgeneticistwhenmanipulat-15ingapotentialindustrialorganism.,resistancetoviralinfectionandincreasedgeneticstabilitymaybeincorporatedintoorganismsthatlackthem,theformationofharm-fulby-productscanbereducedoreliminatedandobjectionableodours,coloursorslimeproductscanberemoved.

Asuccessfulindustrialcultureshàuldultimatelyexhibitmostorallofthefollowing20characteristics:

itshouldbeapureculture;begeneticallystable;beeasilypropagated;exhibitrapidgrowthcharacteristics;havegoodrateofproductformation;befreeoftoxicbyproducts;andbeamenabletogeneticmanipulation.

Culturesthatareusedindustriallygenerallyhaveariseninthreestages

（1）asare--searchculturestudiedtoseekausefulproduct;

（2）asadevelopmentculturea25researchculturewhichhasgainedameasureofimportance;and（3）asaproductionculturearesearchculturethatisnowactuallyusedforindustrialproduction.

Thefinalculturemaybethesameastheoriginalresearchculturebutmoreoftenitwillhavebeensubjectedtoanarrayoftreatmentstomaximizeproductivity.Thisfinalindustrialorganismwillhavebeengeneticallyprogrammedtoperformametabolicfunc—30tionfarinexcessofthat

ofthewildtype.Thiswillonlybeachievedbymaximumcon-trolofthegrowthoftheorganismduringproduction.Thedevelopmentoftheindustrialorganismfromawildtypewillhaverequiredchangesinitsgeneticinformationthateliminateundesirablepropertiesorevenintroduceentirelynewones.

Findingthedesiredorganism.andimprovingitscapabilitiesisnowafundamental35aspectofmostbiotechnologicalprocesses（Fig.3.1）

3.1Selectionandscreening

Inal