概率论与数理统计英文版总结材料docx.docx

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概率论与数理统计英文版总结材料docx

实用标准

 

SampleSpace样本空间

 

Thesetofallpossibleoutcomesofastatisticalexperimentiscalledthesample

 

space.

 

Event事件

 

Aneventisasubsetofasamplespace.

 

certainevent(必然事件):

 

ThesamplespaceSitself,iscertainlyanevent,whichiscalledacertainevent,

 

meansthatitalwaysoccursintheexperiment.

 

impossibleevent(不可能事件):

 

Theemptyset,denotedby,isalsoanevent,calledanimpossibleevent,

 

meansthatitneveroccursintheexperiment.

 

Probabilityofevents(概率)

 

Ifthenumberofsuccessesinntrailsisdenotedbys,andifthesequenceof

 

relativefrequenciess/nobtainedforlargerandlargervalueofnapproachesa

 

limit,thenthislimitisdefinedastheprobabilityofsuccessinasingletrial.

 

“equallylikelytooccur”------probability(古典概率)

 

IfasamplespaceSconsistsofNsamplepoints,eachisequallylikelytooccur.

 

AssumethattheeventAconsistsofnsamplepoints,thentheprobabilityp

 

thatAoccursis

 

pP(A)

n

N

Mutuallyexclusive(互斥事件)

 

文档

实用标准

 

Definition2.4.1EventsA1,A2,L,Anarecalledmutuallyexclusive,if

 

AiIAj,ij.

 

Theorem2.4.1IfAandBaremutuallyexclusive,then

 

P(AUB)P(A)P(B)(2.4.1)

 

Mutuallyindependent事件的独立性

 

TwoeventsAandBaresaidtobeindependentif

 

P(AIB)P(A)P(B)

 

OrTwoeventsAandBareindependentifandonlyif

 

P(B|A)P(B).

 

ConditionalProbability条件概率

 

Theprobabilityofaneventisfrequentlyinfluencedbyotherevents.

 

DefinitionTheconditionalprobabilityofB,givenA,denotedbyP(B|A),is

 

definedby

 

P(AIB)

P(B|A)

P(A)

 

ifP(A)0.(2.5.1)

 

Themultiplicationtheorem乘法定理

 

If

A1,A2,L

Ak

areevents,then

P(A1IA2I

L

Ak)

P(A1)P(A2|A1)P(A3|A1IA2)L

P(Ak|A1I

A2IL

IAk1)

If

the

events

A1,A2,L

Ak

are

independent,

then

for

anysubset

{i1,i2,L,im}

{1,2,L

k},

P(Ai1

IAi2

IL

Aim)

P(Ai1

)P(Ai2

)L

P(Aim)

 

文档

实用标准

 

(全概率公式totalprobability)

 

Theorem2.6.1.IftheeventsB1,B2,L,Bkconstituteapartitionofthe

 

samplespaceSsuchthatP(Bj)0forj1,2,L,k,thanforanyevent

 

AofS,

 

kk

P(A)P(AIBj)

j1

 

P(Bj)P(AIBj)

(2.6.2)

j1

 

(贝叶斯公式Bayes’formula.

Theorem2.6.2Ifthe

events

B1,B2,L,Bk

constitute

a

partition

of

the

samplespaceSsuchthat

P(Bj)

0forj1,2,L

k,thanforany

eventAofS,

P(A)0,

P(Bi|A)

P(Bi)P(A|Bi)

.

for

i

1,2,L

k

k

P(Bj)P(A|Bj)

j1

 

(2.6.2)

 

ProofBythedefinitionofconditionalprobability,

 

P(BiIA)

P(Bi|A)

P(A)

 

Usingthetheoremoftotalprobability,wehave

 

P(Bi|A)k

P(Bi)P(A|Bi)

i1,2,L,k

P(Bj)P(A|Bj)

j1

 

1.randomvariabledefinition

 

文档

实用标准

 

Definition3.1.1Arandomvariableisarealvaluedfunction

 

definedonasamplespace;i.e.itassignsarealnumbertoeachsamplepointinthesamplespace.

2.Distributionfunction

 

Definition3.1.2LetXbearandomvariableonthesample

 

spaceS.Thenthefunction

 

F(X)P(Xx).xR

 

iscalledthedistributionfunctionofX

 

NoteThedistributionfunctionF(X)isdefinedonreal

 

numbers,notonsamplespace.

 

3.Properties

 

ThedistributionfunctionF(x)ofarandomvariableXhasthefollowingproperties:

(1)F(x)isnon-decreasing.

 

Infact,ifx1x2,thentheevent{Xx1}isasubsetofthe

 

event{Xx2},thus

 

F(x1)P(Xx1)P(Xx2)F(x2)

 

(2)F()limF(x)0,

x

F()limF(x)1.

x

(3)Foranyx0R,limF(x)F(x00)F(x0).Thisistosay,the

xx00

distributionfunctionF(x)ofarandomvariableXisright

 

continuous.

 

文档

实用标准

 

3.2DiscreteRandomVariables

离散型随机量

Definition

3.2.1

A

random

variable

Xiscalled

a

discrete

random

variable

if

ittakes

valuesfrom

afinitesetor,

aset

whoseelementscanbewrittenasasequence

{a1,a2,L

an,L}

geometricdistribution

(几何分布)

X

1

2

3

4

⋯k

P

p

q1

q2

q3

qk

p

p

p

1p

Binomialdistribution

(二项分布)

Definition

3.4.1

The

number

Xof

successes

in

n

Bernoulli

trialsis

called

a

binomial

random

variable.The

probability

distribution

of

this

discrete

random

variable

is

called

the

binomialdistribution

withparameters

nand

p,denotedby

B(n,p).

poissondistribution

(泊松分布)

Definition

3.5.1

Adiscrete

random

variable

X

is

calleda

Poisson

random

variable,

ifittakes

values

from

the

set

{0,1,2,L},andif

k

P(X

k)

p(k;)

e

0

k

0,1,2,L

k!

(3.5.1)

 

Distribution(3.5.1)iscalledthePoissondistributionwith

 

文档

实用标准

 

parameter

denotedby

P(

).

Expectation(mean)

数学期望

Definition

3.3.1

Let

X

be

adiscrete

randomvariable.

The

expectation

or

mean

of

X

isdefinedas

E(X)

xP(X

x)

(3.3.1)

x

2.Variance

方差

standarddeviation

(标准差)

Definition3.3.2

Let

X

beadiscreterandomvariable,having

expectation

E(X)

.Thenthevariance

ofX,denoteby

D(X)

isdefinedastheexpectationoftherandomvariable

(X

)2

D(X)

E

(X

)2

(3.3.6)

Thesquarerootofthevariance

D(X),denoteby

D(X),

2

1

iscalledthe

standard

deviation

of

X:

D(X)

EX

2

(3.3.7)

 

probabilitydensityfunction概率密度函数

 

Definition4.1.1Afunctionf(x)definedon(,)iscalledaprobability

 

densityfunction(概率密度函数)if:

 

(i)f(x)0foranyxR;

 

(ii)f(x)isintergrable(可积的)on(,)andf(x)dx1.

 

文档

实用标准

 

Definition4.1.2

 

Letf(x)beaprobabilitydensityfunction.IfXisarandomvariablehaving

 

distributionfunction

 

x

F(x)P(Xx)f(t)dt,(4.1.1)

 

thenXiscalledacontinuousrandomvariablehavingdensityfunctionf(x).Inthis

 

case,

 

x2

P(x1Xx2)

f(t)dt.

(4.1.2)

x1

 

5.Mean(均值)

 

Definition4.1.2LetXbeacontinuousrandomvariablehavingprobabilitydensityfunctionf(x).Thenthemean(orexpectation)ofXisdefinedby

E(X)xf(x)dx,(4.1.3)

 

6.variance方差

 

Similarly,thevarianceandstandarddeviationofacontinuousrandomvariableXis

 

definedby

 

2D(X)E((X)2),(4.1.4)

 

WhereE(X)isthemeanofX,isreferredtoasthestandarddeviation.

 

文档

实用标准

 

Weeasilyget

2

D(X)

x2f(x)dx

2.

(4.1.5)

.

4.2UniformDistribution

均匀分布

Theuniformdistribution,withtheparameters

aand

b,hasprobabilitydensity

function

1

forax

b,

f(x)b

a

0

elsewhere,

 

4.5ExponentialDistribution指数分布

 

Definition

4.5.1AcontinuousvariableXhasanexponentialdistributionwithparameter

0)

ifitsdensityfunctionisgivenby

1e

x

for

x

0

f(x)

(4.5.1)

0

for

x

0

 

Theorem4.5.1ThemeanandvarianceofacontinuousrandomvariableXhaving

 

exponentialdistributionwithparameterisgivenby

 

E(X),D(X)2.

 

文档

实用标准

 

4.3NormalDistribution正态分布

 

1.Definition

 

Theequationofthenormalprobabilitydensity,whosegraphisshowninFigure

 

4.3.1,is

f(x)

1

e(x)2/22

x

2

 

4.4NormalApproximationtotheBinomialDistribution(二

 

项分布)

 

X~B(n,p),nislarge(n>30),piscloseto0.50,

 

X~B(n,p)N(np,npq)

 

4.7Chebyshev’sTheorem(切比雪夫定理)

 

Theorem4.7.1Ifaprobabilitydistributionhasmeanμandstandarddeviationσ,

 

theprobabilityofgettingavaluewhichdeviatesfromμbyatleastkσisatmost

1

k2.Symbolically,

P(|X

|

k)

1

k2.

Jointprobabilitydistribution

(联合分布)

In

thestudy

ofprobability,

givenatleasttworandom

variablesX,Y,...,thataredefinedonaprobabilityspace,the

joint

probability

distribution

for

X,Y,...isaprobability

 

文档

实用标准

 

distributionthatgivestheprobabilitythateachofX,Y,...fallsinanyparticularrangeordiscretesetofvaluesspecifiedforthatvariable.

5.2Conditionaldistribution条件分布

 

Consistentwiththedefinitionofconditionalprobabilityof

 

eventswhenAistheeventX=xandBistheeventY=y,the

 

conditionalprobabilitydistributionofXgivenY=yisdefined

 

as

pX(x|y)

p(x,y)forallxprovided

pY(y)

 

pY(y)0.

5.3Statisticalindependent随机变量的独立性

 

Definition5.3.1Supposethepair{X,Y}ofrealrandomvariableshasjointdistributionfunctionF(x,y).IftheF(x,y)obeytheproductrule

F(x,y)FX(x)FY(y)forallx,y.

thetworandomvariablesXandYareindependent,orthepair{X,Y}isindependent.

 

5.4CovarianceandCorrelation协方差和相关系数

 

Wenowdefinetworelatedquantitieswhoserolein

 

characterizingtheinterdependenceofXandYwewantto

 

examine.

 

Definition5.4.1SupposeXandYarerandomvariables.Thecovarianceofthepair{X,Y}is

Cov(X,Y)E[(XX)(YY)].

Thecorrelationcoefficientofthepair{X,Y}is

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