语言学教案.docx

语言学教案.docx

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语言学教案

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

Teachingaims:

letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.

Teachingdifficulties:

designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

Teachingprocedures

1.language

1.1Whystudylanguage?

Atoolforcommunication

Anintegralpartofourlifeandhumanity

Ifwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.

1.2Whatislanguage?

differentsensesoflanguage

whatapersonsays（concreteactofspeech）

aperson’sconsistentwayofspeakingorwriting

aparticularlevelofspeakingorwriting

e.g.colloquiallanguage

anabstractsystem

definitions

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.

Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.

Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.

✧Whatiscommunication?

--Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource（senderorspeaker）toagoal（receiverorlistener）.

1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构特征

Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

a.arbitrariness----theformoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.

1）Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeicwords:

E.g.“house”uchi（Japanese）

Mansion（French）

房子（Chinese）

2）Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel:

languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.

e.g.Hecameinandsatdown.

Hesatdownandcamein.

Hesatdownafterhecamein.

3）conventionality----Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.

b.Duality----Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization:

Primaryunits‘words’（meaningful）consistofsecondaryunits‘sounds’（meaningless）.

c.Creativity--Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.

1）Becauseofdualitythehumanspeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.

2）Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentences.

e.g.Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho...

d.Displacement----humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,events

andconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentof

communication.

1.4originoflanguage

a.The‘Divine’origin:

b.The“bow-wow”theory:

Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.

c.The“pooh-pooh”theory:

Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections.

d.The“yo-he-ho”theory:

Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.

1.5functionsoflanguage

LinguiststalkabouttheFUNCTIONSoflanguageinanabstractsense.Theysummarizepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassifications.

a.Jakobson（1960）:

referential（toconveymessageandinformation）,

poetic（toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake）,

emotive（toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions）,

conative（topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests）,

phatic（toestablishcommunionwithothers）

metalingual（toclearupintentionsandmeanings）.

Theycorrespondtosuchcommunicationelementsascontext,message,addresser,addressee,contactandcoderespectively.

b.Hallidayearly:

instrumental,regulatory,representational,interactional,personal,heuristicandimaginative.

Halliday（1994）:

ideational（logical）,interpersonal（social）andtextual（relevant）

Ideationalfunctionconstructsamodelofexperienceaswellaslogicalrelations,interpersonalfunctionenactssocialrelationshipsandtextualfunctioncreatesrelevancetocontext.

b.classificationinthetextbook:

1）Informative:

Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtogiveorrecordinformation,totellwhatthespeakersbelieve,ortoreasonthingsout.Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

2）Interpersonalfunction:

Itisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,andbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.

3）Performative:

Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.

4）Emotivefunction:

Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.

5）Phaticcommunion:

Itreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.

6）Recreationalfunction:

Itreferstotheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

7）Metalingualfunction:

Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.

2.linguistics

2.1Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisascientificstudyoflanguage.Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience.

2.2Mainbranches（scope）oflinguistics

Division

Sub-division

Subject

Linguistics:

thescientificstudyoflanguage

Micro-linguistics:

thestudyoflanguageinitself

Phonetics   

Individualsounds

Phonology

Soundsystem

Morphology

Wordformation

Syntax

Sentencestructure

Semantics

Textualmeaning

Pragmatics

Contextualmeaning

Macro-linguistics:

thestudyoflanguageinrelationtootherdisciplines

Psycholinguistics

Mind

Sociolinguistics

Society

Anthropologicallinguistics

Humanhistory

Computationallinguistics

Computer

Appliedlinguistics

Education

Comparativelinguistics

Languages

Neurolinguistics

Brain

Cognitivelinguistics

Cognition

2.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

a.Descriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”

Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.

Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

b.Synchronicvs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

c.langue&parole“语言”和“言语”

ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.

Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.

d.Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用

ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.

Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

Homework

QuestionsandExercises1,4,6,12

Self-studyguide

Read“ANewConciseCourseOnLinguisticsForStudentsOfEnglish”Chapter1Introduction

Chapter2SpeechSounds

Teachingaims:

letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutphoneticsandphonology.

Focalpoints:

descriptionofconsonantsandvowels;basicknowledgeaboutphonology

Teachingdifficulties:

phoneme;allophone;minimalpair;complementarydistribution

Teachingprocedure

Asweknow,therearetwobranchesinlinguistics,whichdealwithspeechsounds.Theyarephonetics（thestudyofsounds）andphonology（thestudysoundpatterns）.Inthischapter,wewilldiscussthesetwobranches.

1.Phonetics

1.1Speechproductionandperception

3sub-branchesofphonetics:

Articulatoryphonetics----thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds

Acousticphonetics----thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech

Auditoryphonetics----thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds

1.2Speechorgans（vocalorgans）

referstothepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.

Thethreecavitiesofthevocaltract:

thepharynx（pharyngealcavity）,themouth（oralcavity）,andthenose（nasalcavity）.Theair-streamcomingfromthelungsismodifiedinvariouswaysinthesecavities,resultingintheproductionofvarioussounds.

Thepharyngealcavity

Larynx:

atthetopofthetrachea,thefrontofwhichistheAdam’sapple.Thisisthefirstplacewheresoundmodificationmightoccur.

vocalfolds（vocalcords）:

Vocalcordsaretwomembranes,thepositionsofwhichgivesdifferentsounds.

●Whenthevocalcordsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.