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论文

Introduction

TheDiaryofAnneFrankwaswrittenbyaJewishgirl,AnneFrank.In1941,herwholefamilywasforcedtohideintoherfather’scompanyinAmsterdam.WithanotherJewishfamily,theVanDaans,andaJewishdentist,Mr.Dussel,theeightJewslivedinthe“SecretAnnex”formorethantwoyearsduringtheNaziOccupationinHolland.OnAugust4,1944,theresidentsofthe“SecretAnnex”werebetrayedandarrested.

AnneFrankwasborninJune12,1929,inthecityofFrankfurt,Germany.Anne’sfather,OttoFrank,isarespectedbusinessman.AnneandheroldersisterMargotlivedahappylifeforparents’loveandcare.In1933,afterNazicameintopower,alongwithherfamily,AnneleftFrankfurt.ExceptOttoFrank,theywenttoAachen.OttoFrankwenttoHollandandestablishedafoodproductsbusiness.Duringthenextfewyears,thecrisisandthewarwereincreasing,butAnneFranklivedhappilyinAmsterdam.SheattendedtheMontessorischoolandhadalotoffriends.

ButallthingsbegantochangeoncetheGermansinvadedHollandin1940.SincethenHollandhadalreadynotbeenasafehomeanylonger.AnnewascompelledtoleavetheMontessorischoolandattendtheJewishLyceum.Eventhoughthingswerechanged,thegrowingnumberofanti-Jewishlawsdidnotweighheavilyonher.However,OttoFrankdiscoveredthedirectionofanti-Jewishclearlyenough.OnJuly6,1942,theFrankfamilylefttheircomfortablehouseforeverandmovedintotheSecretAnnex,whentheFrankswerethere,Germanswasattheheightofitsconquests.

OnAugust4,1944,aDutchbetrayedthem,theywerearrestedbytheGestapo.TheeightJewsweretakentoapolicestationinAmsterdam.OnOctober6,1944,AnneandMargotweresenttoBergen-BelsenconcentrationcampinGermany.AttheendofFebruaryoronbeginningofMarch1945,AnneandMargotdiedatBergen-Belsenconcentrationcamp.InMay1945,thewarended.

OnJune3,1945,theonlysurvivoroftheeightSecretAnnexresidents,OttoFrank,receivedalettertellinghimthathisdaughtersdiedatBergen-Belsenconcentrationcamp.

TheDiaryofAnneFrankcanbeconsideredasaBildungsroman.ThetermBildungsromanreferstothenovelfocusingonthehero’sall-roundself-development.InGerman,“usedgenerally,itencompassesafewsimilargenres:

theEntwicklungsroman,whichfocusesontrainingandformaleducation;andtheErziehungsroman,whichfocusesontrainingandformaleducation;andtheKunstlerroman,aboutthedevelopmentofanartist”（Hader）.TherearefourfeaturesincommonfoundinBildungsroman.Firstly,characters’growthisafundamentalnarrativeelementinthenarration.Secondly,Bildungsromanismainlyaboutthepersonalexperience.Thirdly,Bildungsromanhasacertainnarrativepattern.Fourthly,afterundergoingthecrucifixioninlife,theheroobtainsnewrecognitionofthesociety,lifeandhimself.

In1947,Annefrank’sdiarywaseditedbyherfather,andthenpublishedbyaDutchpublishinghouse.In1952,theEnglishversiondiarysoonmadetheSecretAnnexknownbythewholeworld.Sincethen,ithasbeentranslatedintomorethan30languagesandadaptedfortheater,filmandtelevision.Inaddition,AnneFrankinspiredaBroadwayplaythatwonthePulitzerPrizeandthreeTonyAwardsin1955-1956,aswellasmanyotherprizesinthefollowing50years.Formorethan50years,TheDiaryofAnneFrankdemonstratedalastingappealoftruthfulnessandliveliness.Annekeptapersonaldiaryforitsoriginalsignificance:

shewastryingtoreserveherescapingexperiencethroughawritingbasedondailylife,drivenbyacontinuouspassionforwriting.Atthesametime,herwritingwasfeaturedbyyouthfulwisdomandlife.Sheobservedlifeinsightfully,andpersistedtoreflectonthechangingenvironment.

Inmythesis,Anneobtainshergrowingexperiencesthroughchangesoftheworldandoftheattitudestowardsthewarandthehumannature.TheDiaryofAnneFrankasahistoricaldocumentsuccessfullyreflectstheHolocaustandfullyrecordstheprocessofAnne’sgrowth.

1.HistoricalBackground

1.1WorldWarII

WorldWarIIwasaworldwidewarbetweentheAlliedPowersandtheAxisPowers.ThemainAlliedcountrieswerePoland,BritainandFrance.Francesurrenderedin1940andwasoccupiedbyGermanyin1944.In1941,theSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesenteredthewaronthesideoftheAllies.TheprincipalAxisPowerswereGermany,JapanandItaly.Itwasthelargestarmedconflictwhichtheworldhadeverseen.BritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermanyonSeptember3,1939.TheSovietUnioncooperatedwithGermany,invadedEasternPoland,attackedFinlandintheWinterWar,andseizedtheBalticstates.Afterbattlesspanningmuchoftheglobeandincludingmilitaryforcesfrommorethan50countries,victorycametotheAlliesin1945.

GermanyledbyAdolfHitlerinvadedPolandwhenthewarstartedinEurope.BritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermanytwodayslater.TheSovietUnion,actingincooperationwithGermany,invadedEasternPoland,attackedFinlandandseizedtheBalticStates.MostareasofEuropeandNorthAfricaandtheoceansbecamebattlefields.TheGermanyoverwhelmedPolandin1939,Norway,theNetherlands,BelgiumandFrancein1940,andYugoslaviaandGreecein1941.Bysummer1941,GermanyhadconqueredFranceandmostareasofWesternEurope,butithadfailedtoconquerBritain.TheninJune1941,GermanyattackedtheSovietUnion,thiswasboggeddownuponreachingtheborderofMoscowinlate1941.TheSovietUnionlatercapturedtheGermanSixthArmyattheBattleofStalingradfrom1941to1943,decisivelydefeatedtheAxisduringtheBattleofKursk,andbroketheSiegeofLeningrad.InJune1944,theAlliesinvadedFranceinamassiveattackandinSeptember1945,theAllieshadwonthewar.

ByWorldWarII,nearlyalltheJewscompanieshadeitherbankruptedunderfinancialpressureanddecliningprofits,orhadbeenforcedtosellouttotheNazi-Germangovernment.GermanJewswereprohibitedfromoperatingbusinessesandtrades,andfromofferinggoodsandservices.Asthewarstarted,HolocaustwasencouragedbytheNazis,andtheybegantokilltheJews.DuringWorldWarII,theJewsweretreatedlikeimperfectionsintheGermancommunity.Theywerearrestedtoconcentrationcampsandmadeintoslaves.TheywereforcedtomakeuniformsandwarequipmentforHitler.Iftheydidn't,theywereshot,shovedintoagasoven,oreatenalivebyattackdogs.

AnneFrankwasayoungJewishgirlwholivedanddiedduringtheHolocaust.TheFrankfamilyhidfromtheNazisfortwolongyearsinaSecretAnnex.Duringthattime,Annekeptadiaryinwhichshenotonlywroteaboutthehorrorsofwarbuttheeverydayproblemsofbeingateenager.

1.2RaceSuperiority

Manycountriesintheworldstillhaveprejudicesforcertaingroupofpeople.Theyfeelthatmenaresuperiortothanwomen,whitesaresuperiortoBlacks.Alltheseassumptionsarewrong.Inmanyareas,womenarestrongerthanmen.Intermsofsportsandgames,BlacksarestrongerthanWhites.

DuringWorldWarII,theJewssufferedracialdiscriminationfromGermany.BecauseoflawsofHitler’santi-Jewish,theJews’lifewasfilledwithanxiety.Theywereforcedtofollowanti-Jewishdecrees.Jewsmustwearayellowstarfordistinguishingthemfromothers;Jewsmusthandintheirbicycles;Jewsarebannedfromtramsandforbiddentodrive;Jewsareonlyallowedtodotheirshoppingbetweenthreetofiveo’clockandthenonlyinshopswhichbeartheplacard“Jewishshop”;Jewsmustbeindoorsbyeighto’clockandcannotevensitintheirowngardensafterthathoursJewsareforbiddentovisittheaters,cinemasandotherplacesofentertainment;Jewsmaynottakepartinpublicsports.Swimmingbaths,tenniscourts,hockeyfieldsandothersportsareallprohibitedtothem;JewsmaynotvisitChristians;JewsmustgotoJewishschoolsandsoon.Thegrowingnumberofanti-JewishdecreesdidheavilyonJews（Anne,2003:

286）.

Underthecontroloftheanti-Jewishdecrees,GermanJewslostbasicrightsonebyone,andtheyweredeprivedoftherightstoholdpublicoffice,practiceprofessionsandusepubliceducationandtransportation,whichcanbetestedbyAnne’spersonalexperience.

Accordingly,AnnerecordedthatMargothadtobetransferredtoaJewishschoolandtheyweresegregatedfromtheoriginalschoolandfornothingbutforthefactthattheywereJewishchildren.ThediaryalsorecordedthatAnneandherfriendshadtowalkeverywhere,becausetheywerenotallowedtodrive.

1.3Holocaust

TheHolocaustisthetermconventionallyreferstothegenocideofsixmillionJewsaswellasthemurderoftheGypsies,SovietsandothersduringNazicontrolledGermanyfrom1933to1945.AccountingallthevictimsofNazipersecution,thetotalnumberisestimatedtoelevenmillion.

Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,GermanywasoneofthestrongestcountriesinEurope,butin1918,itcollapsedasaresultofitsdefeatinWorldWarI.SincethenGermanyfacedmoredifficulties,theGermanEmpirecametohisend.AfterthatagroupofdemocraticpoliticiansestablishedtheGermanRepublic.Itwaswell-knownthatthenewgovernmentwasjusttheWeimarRepublic.In1919attheVersaillesPeaceConference,theGermanyrepresentativeswerenotpermittedtojoininthenegotiations.TheTreatyofVersaillesplacedtheresponsibilityonGermanyandorderedtheGermanytopaythecostofalldamagebythewar.TheTreatyforpeacebroughtnopeaceatallfortheGermansociety.TherepresentativesmetwiththecomplaintsfromallwalksofGermanpeople.Middle-classGermanswhohadlosteverythingintheinflationoftheearly1920sblamedtherepublicangovernmentfortheirpoverty.Unemployedworkers,i