纽约律师考试刑诉笔记Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure.docx

纽约律师考试刑诉笔记Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure.docx

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纽约律师考试刑诉笔记CriminalLawandCriminalProcedure

MiniReview

1.mentalstaterequirements

a）Murder-malice

b）Manslaughter–recklesspassion

c）Battery–reckless

d）Assault–specific

e）Larceny–specific

f）Arson-malice

g）Rape–reckless（reasonablemistakeofconsentasdefense）

h）Solicitation–specific

i）Attempt–specific

j）Conspiracy–specific

2.Defense…

3.Procedures

a）searchandseizure

b）confession

4.mentalstate

a）specificintent（actualintent）

b）malice

c）reckless

5.Homicide–murder&manslaughter

a）Commonlawmurder:

unlawfulkillingwithmaliceaforethought

∆Intenttokill

∆Intenttocauseseriousbodilyharm

∆Depraveddifference（superreckless）

∆Intenttocommitafelony

∆First-degree:

usu.premeditatedkilling&felonymurder

∆Second-degree:

others

b）Manslaughter

∆Recklesscausingdeathofanother（involuntarymanslaughter）

∆Voluntarymanslaughter（passionatekilling）:

e.g.,spousesexwithanother,brawl

c）Depravedheartmurderandinvoluntarymanslaughter:

degreeofnegligence（superrecklessornot）

6.Attempt:

intentplusproximity（commonlaw）/substantialstep（modern）

7.“knowingly”:

know,believe,SUBSTANTIALLYcertain

8.accessory,accomplice,aider,abettoraresynonymsonMBE:

watchfortheprotectedclassconcept.

9.solicitation,attempt,conspiracy:

solicitationismergedintoattempt.

a）Solicitationmergeswithconspiracy,attempt,andthecompletedcrime.

b）Conspiracydoesnotmergewiththeattemptedorcompletedcrime.

c）Attemptmergeswiththecompletedcrime.

10.Conspiracyrules

a）Conspiracyisanagreementbetweentwoandmorepeopletoperformanyunlawfulact,plusanovertactinfurtherancewiththepurpose.Merepreparationissufficient.

b）Co-conspiratorsareliableforwhatisconspiredandforeseeablesubsequentcrimestotheconspired.

c）Withdrawalcannotgettheconspiratoroffthehookofconspiracy,butwilllethimgowithfurthercrimes.

d）Successfulwithdrawalrequiresgive-upplusrenunciationànoneutralizationrequiredonMBE.

e）Conspiracydoesnotmerge.

11.Burglaryisbreakingandenteringintothedwellingofanotheratnighttimetocommitafelonyorlarceny.

12.robbery:

larceny+byforceorthreatofimmediatefromthepersonorinone’spresence

13.watchforcriminalbatteryandtortiousbattery,criminalassaultandtortiousassault

14.Specificintent

a）Pmustestablishactualintent.Recklessormaliceisinsufficient.

b）IfDmakesareasonableorunreasonablemistake,hedoesnothavetheintent.

c）Voluntaryintoxicationmaynegatethespecificintentànotgeneralintent.

15.malice:

（i）intentorextremelyreckless,（ii）mistake（iii）voluntaryintoxicationisnodefense.

mostcommonlawrequiresfollowingmentalstate:

a）specificintentcrime

∆mentalstatementmustbeestablished,nosuperreckless

∆mistakeànegationofintent,whetherthemistakeisreasonableornot

∆voluntaryintoxicationisadefense

b）malicecrime（murder,arson,“malicious”）

∆depravedorsuperreckless

∆mistakemustbereasonableànodefenseforanunreasonablemistake

∆voluntaryintoxicationisnodefense

c）recklesscrimes（batteryandmanslaughter,“reckless”）

∆intentorreckless

∆reasonablemistakeonly,nodefenseforunreasonabledefense

∆novoluntaryintoxication

DegreesofcrimesinNY

∙Lookatwhatseconddegreeisandaddagunandthenyougotfirstdegree

∙Takeseconddegreeandsubtractanelementandyougotthirddegree

oKeyistolearnseconddegree

CriminalLaw（20questions）

Defensemustbedisprovedbyprosecutionbeyondreasonabledoubt.Affirmativedefense（e.g.,insanity,extremeemotionaldisturbance,entrapment,duress）mustberaisedandprovedbythedefendantbypreponderanceofevidence.

JURISDICTION

1）Situs:

conducthappenedthereorresulthappenedthere

a）Ex:

someoneshootingapowerfulrifleintoPAfromDEandkillsapersoninPA.BothDEandPAhavejurisdiction.

b）Crimesofomissions:

wheretheactshouldhavebeenperformed.

2）Merger

a）Atcommonlaw,ifapersonengagedinconductconstitutingbothafelonyandamisdemeanor,shecouldbeconvictedonlyofthefelony.Themisdemeanormergedintothefelony.

b）Generalrule:

nomerger.ForMBE,solicitationandattemptmergeintothesubstantiveoffense.

NYdistinction:

solicitationandconspiracycannotmergeintothesubstantiveoffense.

c）ConspiracydoesnotmergewiththesubstantiveoffensesèDcanbeconvictedofconspiringtodosomethingandactuallydoingthe“something.”

ESSENTIALELEMENTSOFCRIME

1）Acrimealmostalwaysrequiresproofofaphysicalact（actusreus）andamentalstate（mensrea）andconcurrenceoftheactandthementalstateaswellascausation.

2）Act:

anybodilymovement

a）Exceptions

i）Conductwhichisnottheproductofyourownvolition;

ii）MBEfavorite:

reflexiveandconvulsiveact

iii）Unconsciousorasleep（Ex:

sleepwalking）

b）Omissionasanact–ThereisnogeneralGoodSamaritanlawrequiringpeopletohelpothersintrouble.

i）Alegaldutytoactcanarisefromthefollowingsituations:

（1）Bystatute:

requiretofiletaxreturns

（2）Bycontract:

lifeguardoranurse

（3）Relationshipbetweentheparties

（a）Parentshavedutytochildren,spouses,shipcaptaintocrewmembers;employer-employee,

（b）Amanowesnodutytocometoassistanceofmistress;roommateshavenodutytoroommates.

（4）Voluntaryassumptionofcare–MBEfavorite

（a）bunchofpeopleinpark,oneguyswimminginlake,thepersonisintrouble,andthenoneguytriestorescuebutthenstopsb/cherealizesthathedoesn’tlikethepersondrowningàno!

youhaveduty

（5）Creationofperilforthevictimbythedefendant

ii）Knowledgeofthefactsgivingrisetotheduty

iii）Abilitytoact

3）Mentalstate（themostimportanttopics,upto10Qs）

a）Fourcommonlawmentalstate

i）Specificintent:

theyqualifyforadditionaldefensesnotavailabletootherkindsofcrime（voluntaryintoxicationandmistakeoffact）

（1）Note:

theexistenceofaspecificintentcannotbeinferredfromthedoingoftheact.

（2）11crimes:

conspiracy,attempt,solicitation,assault,larceny,robbery,falsepretense,embezzlement,forgery,burglary,premeditatedmurder

ii）Malice（onlytwo:

commonlawmurderandarson）—recklessdisregard

iii）Generalintent（big,catchallcategory）—knowledgeofhighlikelihoodissufficient

（1）Ex:

rape,battery,kidnap,falseimprisonment

iv）Strictliability（nointentcrimes）

（1）Anydefensethatnegatesintentioncannotbeadefense.

（2）Ex:

statutoryrape,bigamy,sellingliquortominors

b）Specificintentcrimes

i）Solicitation:

intenttohavethepersonsolicitedcommitthecrime

ii）Attempt:

intenttocompletethecrime

（1）Note:

attemptisaspecificintentcrime,evenwhenthecrimeattemptedisnot.Ex:

althoughmurderdoesnotrequireaspecificintenttokill（i.e.,recklesslydisregardingahighrisktohumanlifewouldbeenough）,attemptedmurderrequiresthespecificintenttokill.Withoutthatintent,adefendantisnotguiltyofattemptedmurder.

iii）Conspiracy:

intenttohavethecrimecompleted

iv）Firstdegreepremeditatedmurder–premeditation

（1）Note:

Ifyousee“murder”ontheexam,they’llmeancommonlawmurder,whichisseconddegreemurder（amalicecrime）èlackofintentisnotadefense.Ifyousee“firstdegreemurder,”youcanuseoneofthosedefensesthatnegateintent.

v）Assault:

intenttocommitabattery

vi）Larcenyandrobbery:

intenttopermanentlydeprivetheotherofhisinterestinthepropertytaken

vii）Burglary:

intenttocommitafelonyinthedwelling

viii）Forgery:

intenttodefraud

ix）Falsepretense:

intenttodefraud

x）Embezzlement:

intenttodefraud

c）Malicecrimes:

arecklessdisregardofanobviousorhighriskthattheparticularharmfulresultwilloccur.

i）Commonlawmurder

ii）Commonlawarson

d）Generalintentcrimes:

allcrimesnotsofarmentionedunlesstheyqualifyforstrictliability

i）Generalintent:

anawarenessofallfactorsconstitutingthecrime,i.e.,defendantmustbeawarethatsheisactingintheprescribedwayandthatanyrequiredattendantcircumstancesexist.Dneednotbecertainthatallthecircumstancesexist.

ii）Battery,rape,kidnapping,falseimprisonment.

iii）Note:

（1）Transferredintent（seeit2/3ofthetime）:

theDcanbeliableunderthedoctrineoftransferredintentwheresheintendstheharmthatisactuallycaused,buttoadifferentvictimorobject.

（2）Apersonfoundguiltyofacrimeonthebasisoftransferredintentisusuallyguiltyoftwocrimes:

thecompletedcrimeagainsttheactualvictimandattemptagainsttheintendedvictim.

（3）Nevermergeanycrimesthathavedifferentvictims.

e）Strictliability

i）Dcanbefoundguiltyfromthemerefactthatshecommittedtheact.Anydefensethatnegatesintentionisnotavailable.

ii）Ifstatutegiventoyou,howwouldyouknow?

（1）Formula:

ifthecrimeisinanadministrative,regulatory,ormoralityarea,youdon’tseeadverbslike“knowingly,”“willfully,”or“intentionally.”

（2）Examples:

Q16,17（seenotes）

ACCOMPLICELIABILITY

1）ScopeofLiability:

Liableforthecrimeitselfandallotherforeseeablecrimes.

2）Accomplice:

needsi）specificintent,ii）toaid,abet,encouragetheprincipal

3）Nevergiveaccompliceliabilityunlesstheyactivelyinonthecrime.Beingpresent（notcallingthepolice）isnotenough.Tobeguiltyasanaccomplice,mostjurisdictionsrequirethatthepersongiveaid,counsel,orencouragementtotheprincipalwiththeINTENTtoencouragethecrime.

a）Mereknowledgethatacrimewillresultisnotenough,atleastwheretheaidisgivenintheformofthesaleofordinarygoodsatordinaryprice.thiswillconstitutecriminalfacilitationundertheNewYorkLaw,if（i）knowinglyaidingthecommissionofacrime（ii）buttheculpabilityno