中小企业融资外文文献翻译.docx

中小企业融资外文文献翻译.docx

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文献信息：

文献标题：

FinancingofSMEs（中小企业融资）国外作者：

JanBartholdy,CesarioMateus

文献出处：

Londonbusinessreview,2007（9）,pp43-45字数统计：

英文2124单词，10802字符；中文3529汉字

外文文献：

Abstract



FinancingofSMEs

Themainsourcesoffinancingforsmallandmediumsizedenterprises（SMEs）areequity,tradecreditpaidontime,longandshorttermbankcredits,delayedpaymentontradecreditandotherdebt.Themarginalcostsofeachfinancinginstrumentaredrivenbyasymmetricinformationandtransactionscostsassociatedwithnonpayment.AccordingtothePeckingOrderTheory,firmswillchoosethecheapestsourceintermsofcost.Inthecaseofthestatictrade-offtheory,firmschoosefinancesothatthemarginalcostsacrossfinancingsourcesareallequal,thusanadditionalEurooffinancingisobtainedfromallthesourceswhereasunderthePeckingOrderTheorythesourceisdeterminedbyhowfardownthePeckingOrderthefirmispresentlylocated.Inthispaper,wearguethatbothofthesetheoriesmissthepointthatthemarginalcostsaredependentoftheuseofthefunds,andtheassetsideofthebalancesheetprimarilydeterminesthefinancingsourceforanadditionalEuro.AnempiricalanalysisonauniquedatasetofPortugueseSME’sconfirmsthatthecompositionoftheassetsideofthebalancesheethasanimpactofthetypeoffinancingusedandthePeckingOrderTheoryandthetraditionalStaticTrade-offtheoryarerejected.

ForSME’sthemainsourcesoffinancingareequity（internallygeneratedcash）,

tradecredit,bankcreditandotherdebt.Thechoiceoffinancingisdrivenbythecosts

ofthesourceswhichisprimarilydeterminedbycostsofsolvingtheasymmetricinformationproblemandtheexpectedcostsassociatedwithnon-paymentofdebt.Asymmetricinformationcostsarisefromcollectingandanalysinginformationtosupportthedecisionofextendingcredit,andthenon-paymentcostsarefromcollectingthecollateralandsellingittorecoverthedebt.SinceSMEs’managementandshareholdersareoftenthesameperson,equityandinternallygeneratedfundshavenoasymmetricinformationcostsandequityisthereforethecheapestsource.

2.AssetsidetheoryofSMEfinancing

IntheprevioussectionwehavesuggestedthatSME’sinPortugalarefinancedusinginternalgeneratedcash,cheaptradecredits,longandshort-termbankloansandexpensivetradecreditsandotherloans.Inthissectionthemotivesbehindthedifferenttypesoffinancingarediscussed.

2.1.CheapTradecredits

Thefirstexternalfinancingsourcewewilldiscussistrade-credits.Tradecreditsareinterestingsincetheyrepresentfinancialservicesprovidedbynon-financialfirmsincompetitionwithfinancialintermediaries.Theearlyresearchwithinthisareafocusedontheroleoftradecreditsinrelationtothecreditchannelorthesocalled“Meltzer”effectandinrelationtotheefficiencyofmonetarypolicy.Thebasicideaisthatfirmswithdirectaccesstofinancialmarkets,ingenerallargewellknownfirms,issuetradecreditstosmallfinanciallyconstrainedfirms.Themorerecentresearchbreakstheroleoftradecreditsintoastrategicmotiveandfinancialmotiveforissuingandusingthesecredits.

Strategicmotives

Thefirsttheorycentersonasymmetricinformationregardingthefirm’sproducts.

Tradecreditsareofferedtothebuyerssothatthebuyercanverifythequantityandqualitybeforesubmittingpayments.Byofferingtradefinancethesuppliersignalstothebuyersthattheyofferproductsofgoodquality.Sincesmallfirms,ingeneral,havenoreputationthenthesefirmsareforcedtousetradecreditstosignalthequalityoftheirproducts.Theuseoftradecreditsisthereforedrivenbyasymmetricinformationoftheproductsandisthereforemorelikelytobeusedbysmallfirms,ifthebuyerhas

littleinformationaboutthesupplier,ortheproductsarecomplicatedanditisdifficulttoassestheirquality.

Thesecondstrategicmotiveispricing.Offeringtradefinanceonfavorabletermsisthesameasapricereductionforthegoods.Thusfirmscanusetradecreditstopromotesaleswithoutofficiallyreducingpricesorusethemasatoolforpricediscriminationbetweendifferentbuyers.Tradecreditsaremostadvantageoustoriskyborrowerssincetheircostsofalternativefinancingarehigherthanforborrowerswithgoodcreditratings.Thustradecreditscanbeusedastoolfordirectpricediscriminationbutalsoasanindirecttool（ifallbuyersareofferedthesameterms）infavorofborrowerswithalowcreditstanding.

Tradecreditsarealsousedtodeveloplongtermrelationshipsbetweenthesupplierandthebuyers.Thisoftenmanifestsitselfbythesupplierextendingthecreditperiodincasethebuyerhastemporaryfinancialdifficulties.Comparedtofinancialinstitutionssuppliershavebetterknowledgeoftheindustryandaretherefo