Aggregation of stochastic automata networks with replicas.docx

Aggregation of stochastic automata networks with replicas.docx

《Aggregation of stochastic automata networks with replicas.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Aggregation of stochastic automata networks with replicas.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Aggregationofstochasticautomatanetworkswithreplicas

995

Exploringe-wastemanagementsystemsintheUnitedStates  ReviewArticle

Resources,ConservationandRecycling,Volume52,Issue7,May2008,Pages955-964

RamzyKahhat,JunbeumKim,MingXu,BradenAllenby,EricWilliams,PengZhang

 Closepreview  |  

PurchasePDF（348K）  |  Relatedarticles  |  Relatedreferenceworkarticles    

AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

Quantitiesofend-of-lifeelectronics（ore-waste）aroundtheworldkeepgrowing.Morethan1.36 millionmetrictonsofe-wastewerediscarded,mainlyinlandfills,intheU.S.in2005,ande-wasteisprojectedtogrowinthenextfewyears.Thispaperexploresissuesrelatingtoplanningfuturee-wasteregulationandmanagementsystemsintheU.S.ItbeginsbyreviewingtheexistingU.S.recyclingsystemsintheU.S.toestablishtheimportanceofdevelopingpublicresponses.Othercountriesandregionsaroundtheworldhavealreadylegislatedandimplementedelectronictakebackandrecyclingsystems.Toestablishthecontextofexistingexperience,e-wastemanagementsystemsintheEuropeanUnion,Japan,SouthKoreaandTaiwanareexplored.ThepaperthendiscusseswhatspecificconditionsareexpectedtoinfluencetheacceptabilityandimplementationintheU.S.AkeyconsiderationistheculturalimperativeintheU.S.formarket-drivensolutionsthatenablecompetition.Giventhiscontext,asolutionisproposedthatisdesignedtoensureaproperend-of-lifeoptionwhileatthesametimeestablishingacompetitivemarketforreuseandrecyclingservices.Thesolution,termede-MarketforReturnedDeposit,beginswithadepositpaidbyconsumerstosellersatthetimeofpurchase,electronicallyregisteredandtrackedviaaradio-frequencyidentificationdevice（RFID）placedontheproduct.Atend-of-life,consumersconsultanInternet-enabledmarketinwhichfirmscompetetoreceivethedepositbyofferingconsumersvariabledegreesofreturnonthedeposit.Aftercollectionofthecomputerbytheselectedfirm,thecyberinfrastructureutilizestheRFIDtotransferthedeposittothewinningfirmwhenrecycled.Ifthefirmchoosestorefurbishorresellthecomputerinlieuofrecycling,thetransferisdeferreduntiltrueend-of-lifeprocessing.Finallythepaperdiscussesthedomesticandinternationalconsequencesoftheimplementationoftheproposeddesign.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.U.S.recyclingsystems

3.Principale-wastecollectionandrecyclingsystemsintheworld

3.1.Europe

3.2.Japan

3.3.SouthKorea

3.4.Taiwan

3.5.Discussionoftheinternationalsystems

4.E-wastesituationintheU.S.

4.1.Landfilldisposalofe-waste

4.2.Exportationofe-waste

4.3.E-wasteactionintheU.S.

5.Proposalfore-wastecollection,recyclingandreuseintheU.S.:

e-MarketforReturnedDeposit

5.1.U.S.context

5.2.E-wastedefinitionforthesystem

5.3.Deposit-refundsystem

5.4.Informationflow

5.5.Monetaryflow

5.6.Productflow

5.7.Developmentandmanagementofthee-MarketforReturnedDepositsystem

5.8.Preliminaryeconomicassessment

5.9.Discussionontheconsequencesofthee-MarketforReturnedDepositsystem

6.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

996

Roleofartificialneuralnetworksinpredictionofsurvivalofburnpatients—anewapproach  OriginalResearchArticle

Burns,Volume28,Issue6,September2002,Pages579-586

HamidKarimiEstahbanati,NosratollahBouduhi

 Closepreview  |  

PurchasePDF（287K）  |  Relatedarticles  |  Relatedreferenceworkarticles    

AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

Aburnpatientmayrequirethemostcomplicatedtreatmentregimesencounteredamongtraumavictims.Predictingtheoutcomeofsuchtreatmentdependsonseveralfactorswhichhavenon-linearrelationships.Traditionalmethodsinpredictionare“logisticregression”and“maximumlikelihood”.Inthisstudy,anartificialneuralnetwork（ANN）isusedforcomputingsurvivalamongburnpatientsadmittedtothe“MotaharyBurnCenter”,duringa1yearperiod（1996–1997）.Fifteendifferentobservations,suchastotalbodysurfacearea（TBSA）,rescuetime,admissionperiod,surgery,inhalationinjuries,etc.wereobtained,retrospectively.AnormalfeedforwardANNwasdevelopedbyThinksprosoftware.Ithas15input-units,twohiddenlayers,andoneoutput-unit.Survivalwashigherinmales,thoseinwhomearlyfluidresuscitationhadbeeninitiatedandinpatientsinthemiddleoftheagespectrum（P<0.0001）.Strongcorrelationswiththesefactorswerenoted.

Inthetrainingphase,theANNsaccuracyreached90%.Inthisstudy,theANNhasbeenappliedforthefirsttimetopredictburnvictimsurvival.Thisstudycanenableadifferentviewpointtohelpburncenterphysiciansinthepredictionofsurvivaloftheirpatients.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Materialsandmethods

3.Results

4.Discussion

5.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

997

Standbybatteryrequirementsfortelecommunicationspower  OriginalResearchArticle

JournalofPowerSources,Volume158,Issue2,25August2006,Pages1117-1123

G.J.May

 Closepreview  |  

PurchasePDF（252K）  |  Relatedarticles  |  Relatedreferenceworkarticles    

AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

TherequirementsforstandbypowerfortelecommunicationsarechangingasthenetworkmovesfromconventionalsystemstoInternetProtocol（IP）telephony.Thesenewsystemsrequirehigherpowerlevelsclosertotheuserbutthelevelofavailabilityandreliabilitycannotbecompromisedifthenetworkistoprovideserviceintheeventofafailureofthepublicutility.ManypartsofthesenewnetworksareacratherthandcpoweredwithUPSsystemsforback-uppower.Thesegenerallyhavelowerlevelsofreliabilitythandcsystemsandthenetworkneedstobedesignedsuchthatoverallreliabilityisnotreducedthroughappropriatelevelsofredundancy.Mobilenetworkshavedifferentpowerrequirements.Wherethereisahighdensityofnodes,continuityofservicecanbereasonablyassuredwithshortautonomytimes.Furthermore,thereisgenerallynorequirementthatthesenetworksaretheprovideroflastresortandtherefore,specificationsforcontinuityofpoweraredirectedtowardsrevenueprotectionandoverallreliabilitytargets.Asaresultofthesechanges,batteryrequirementsforreservepowerareevolving.Shorterautonomytimesarespecifiedforpartsofthenetworkalthoughalargepartwillcontinuetoneedsupportforhoursratherminutes.Operationaltemperaturesareincreasingandbatterysolutionsthatprovidelongerlifeinextremeconditionsarebecomingimportant.Differentbatterytechnologieswillbediscussedinthecontextoftheserequirements.Conventionallargefloodedlead/acidcellsbothwithpastedandtubularplatesareusedinlargercentralofficeapplicationsbutthemajorityofrequirementsaremetwithvalve-regulatedlead/acid（VRLA）batteries.ThedifferenttypesofVRLAbatterywillbedescribedandtheirsuitabilityforvariousapplicationsoutlined.Newdevelopmentsinbatteryconstructionandbatterymaterialshaveimprovedbothperformanceandreliabilityinrecentyears.Alternativetechnologiesarealsobeingproposedfortelecommunicationspower,eitherdifferentbatterychemistriesincludinglithiumbatteries,flywheelenergystorageortheuseoffuelcells.Thesewillbeevaluatedandthepositionoflead/acidbatteriesinthemediumtermforthisimportantmarketwillbeassessed.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Powersystems

3.Floodedlead/acidbatteries

4.StandardsforVRLAbatteries

5.VRLAbatteries

5.1.Tubulargelcells

5.2.VRLAbatterieswithPb–Ca–Sngrids

5.3.VRLAcellswithpureleadgrids

6.Nickel/cadmiumcells

7.Lithiumbatteries

7.1.Lithium-ion

7.2.Lithiummetalpolymerbatteries

8.Otherbatterychemistries

9.Flywheelenergystorage

10.Fuelcellsystems

11.Conclusions

References

998

UsingHCAandTOPSISapproachesinpersonaldigitalassistantmenu–iconinterfacedesign  OriginalResearchArticle

InternationalJournalofIndustrialErgonomics,Volume39,Issue5,September2009,Pages689-702

Ming-ShiChen,Ming-ChyuanLin,Chen-ChengWang,C.AlecChang

 Closepreview  |  

PurchasePDF（666K）  |  Relatedarticles  |  Relatedreferenceworkarticles    

AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

Mobileelectronicproductshaverecentlybecomeverypopularbecauseoftheirportableconvenienceandversatilefunctions.Thepersonaldigitalassistant（PDA）canevenaccesstheInternet.However,thereisstillplentyofroomforimprovementinthePDAinterface.Thisresearchproposesasystematicapproachtoanalyze,generateandevaluateaPDAintegratedmenu–iconinterfacedesignfortheDigitHubCompanybasedoncustomerrequirements.

Hierarchicalclusteringanalysis（HCA）isincorporatedwiththeanalytichierarchyprocess（AHP）toidentifyandcategorizefunctionalPDAmenusandtheircorrespondingicons.Weevaluatetheimportanceofeachofthedifferentfunctionalmenusandcategories.WegeneratefivePDAmenu–iconinterfacedesignalternativesthatmeettheproposeddesignguidelines,andweevaluateeachfortheirrespectivefeasibilities.Thetechniquefororderpreferencebysimilaritytoidealsolution（TOPSIS）methodisappliedtomeasuretheoveralloperatingperformanceofthefivePDAmenu–iconinterfacedesignalternatives.TheevaluationresultsshowthatthepreferreddesignisoptionPDA5,ahierarchicalandseparatedmenu–iconlayoutstylethatfeaturesatwo-