Locomotor System.docx

Locomotor System.docx

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LocomotorSystem

Chapter2

Locomotor System

Objectives

I.The Locomotor System:

TheAxialSkeleton

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeabletodistinguishbetweentheaxialand appendicular divisionsoftheskeleton,classifybonesonthebasisofshapeandlocation,describethemajorsurfacemarkingsonbones,andidentifythenames,locationsandmajorsurfacemarkingsofthebonesoftheskull,identifytheprincipalsuturesoftheskull,identifythenames,locationsandmajorsurfacemarkingsofthebonesofthevertebralcolumn,identifythenames,locationsandmajorsurfacemarkingsofthebonesofthethorax.

II.The Locomotor System:

The Appendicular Skeleton

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeabletoidentifythenames,locationsandmajorsurfacemarkingsofthebonesofthepectoral（shoulder）girdles,identifythenames,locationsandmajorsurfacemarkingsofthebonesoftheupperlimbs,identifythenames,locationsandmajorsurfacemarkingsofthebonesofthepelvic（hip）girdle,identifythenames,locationsandmajorsurfacemarkingsofthebonesofthelowerlimbs,comparetheprincipalstructuraldifferencesbetweenfemaleandmaleskeletons,especiallythosethatpertaintothepelvis.

III.The Locomotor System:

TheJoints

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeabletodefinetheterm“articulation”（joint）,classifyjointsonthebasisofstructureandfunction,describethestructureandfunctionsofthethreetypesoffibrousjoints,describethestructureandfunctionsofthetwotypesofcartilaginousjoints,describethestructureof synovial joints,describethestructureandfunctionsof bursae andtendonsheaths,describethetypesofmovementsthatcanoccurat synovial joints,describethesixtypesof synovial joints.

IV.The Locomotor System:

TheMuscularSystem

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeabletodescribetherelationshipbetweenbonesandskeletalmusclesintheproductionofbodymovements,describehowtheprimemover,antagonist,synergistand fixator inamusclegroupworktogethertoproducemovements,describethecharacteristicsusedinthenamingofskeletalmuscles,listthenames,locationsandactionsofprincipalskeletalmuscles,listtheoriginsandinsertionsofseveralspecificskeletalmuscles.

KeyWordsandTopics

I.The Locomotor System:

TheAxialSkeleton

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

Axialskeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Typesofbones:

 longbone,shortbone,flatbone,irregularbone, sesamoid bone. Bonesurfacemarkings:

Note:

Youareresponsibleonlyforthespecificsurfacemarkingsthatappearwithinthelistbelow.UsethevolumetitledBriefAtlasoftheSkeleton,SurfaceAnatomy,andSelectedMedicalImages,whichaccompaniesthetextbook,tohelpyouasyoustudytheindividualbones.

A.    Skull

a.       cranialbones:

1.      frontalbone:

 supraorbital margin

2.      parietalbones

（2）

3.      temporalbones

（2）:

 zygomatic arch,externalauditory meatus,mastoidprocess,internalauditory meatus.

4.      occipitalbone:

 foramenmagnum,occipital condyles.

5.      sphenoidbone:

 opticforamen

6.      ethmoid bone:

 superiorandmiddlenasal conchae （turbinates;singularis concha）

b.      facialbones

1.      nasalbones

（2）

2.      maxillae（2;singularismaxilla）:

 alveolarprocess.

3.      zygomatic bones

（2）

4.      lacrimal bones

（2）:

 lacrimal fossa.

5.      palatinebones

（2）

6.      inferiornasal conchae or turbinates 

（2）

7.      vomer

8.      mandible:

 body, rami （2;singularis ramus）,angles

（2）, coronoid processes

（2）, condylar processes

（2）, temporomandibular joints

（2）,alveolarprocess

c.       orbits

（2）

d.      suture:

 coronalsuture,sagittalsuture,lambdoidsuture

e.       paranasal sinus

f.       fontanels

g.      nasalseptum

h.      hyoidbone

B.     vertebralcolumnorspineorbackbone

a.       vertebra（pluralisvertebrae）

b.      intervertebral disc

c.       normalcurvesofthespine

d.      partsofatypicalvertebra:

 body,vertebralarch,vertebral（spinal）cavity, intervertebral foramen, spinous process,transverseprocesses,superior articular processes,inferior articular processes. 

e.       regionsofthevertebralcolumn

I. cervicalvertebrae（7;C1-C7）

i.atlas（C1）

ii.axis（C2）:

 densor odontoid process.

II. thoracicvertebrae（12;T1-T12）

III.lumbarvertebrae（5;L1-L5）

IV.sacrum:

 anteriorsacralforamina,mediansacralcrest,posteriorsacralforamina,sacralcanal,sacroiliacjoint.

V.coccyx

C.     thorax

a.       sternumorbreastbone

I. manubrium:

 suprasternal notch, clavicular notches

II. body:

 sternal angle

III.xiphoid process

D.    ribs（12pairs）

a.       costalcartilage

b.      trueribs（1-7）

c.       falseribs（8-12）:

 floatingribs（11-12）

II.The Locomotor System:

The Appendicular Skeleton

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

Pectoralgirdlesorshouldergirdles

（2）

A.clavicleorcollarbone:

 sternal end, acromial end

B.scapulaorshoulderblade:

 spine, acromion, glenoid cavity,superior,lateral（axillary）andmedial（vertebral）borders,superiorandinferiorangles, coracoid process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinousfossa, subscapular fossa,

Upperlimbsorupperextremities

（2）

A. humerus:

 head, glenohumeral joint,anatomicalneck,greatertubercle,lessertubercle, intertubercular sulcus,surgicalneck,bodyorshaft,deltoid tuberosity, capitulum,radial fossa, trochlea, coronoidfossa, olecranon fossa,medial epicondyle,lateral epicondyle

B.ulna:

 olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch,head, styloid process

C.radius:

 head,radial tuberosity, styloid process, radiocarpal jointorwristjoint

D.carpalbones[Note:

Youareexpectedtolearnthenamesofthecarpals,butnottheirprecisepositions.]:

 scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform,trapezium,trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

E.metacarpalbones（intheanatomicalposition,thefirstmetacarpalisthelateralbone）:

 head

F.phalanges:

 proximal,middle（exceptinthumb）anddistalphalanges,pollex

Pelvicgirdleorhipgirdle

A. coxal boneorhipbone（or os coxa）:

 pubic symphysis,bonypelvis

B.ilium:

 acetabulum,iliaccrest,anteriorsuperioriliacspine,anteriorinferioriliacspine,posteriorsuperioriliacspine,posteriorinferioriliacspine,greatersciaticnotch,iliacfossa

B. ischium:

 ischial spine,lessersciaticnotch, ischial tuberosity, obturator foramen.

C.pubis:

 body,pubiccrest,hipor coxal joint

D.false（greater）pelvis

E.true（lesser）pelvis:

 pelvicinlet,pelvicoutlet

F.comparisonoffemaleandmalepelvis

Lowerlimbsorlowerextremities

（2）

A.femurorthighbone:

 head,neck,greater trochanter,lesser trochanter,bodyorshaft, linea aspera,medial condyle,lateral condyle,patellarsurface,medial epicondyle,lateral epicondyle.

B.patella

C.tibiaorshinbone:

 lateral condyle,medial condyle, tibiofemoral joints, tibial tuberosity,medial malleolus

D.fibula:

 head,lateral malleolus

E.tarsalbones:

 talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular,1st（medial）,2nd（intermediate）and3rd（lateral）cuneiforms.

F.metatarsalbones[Note:

The1stmetatarsalisthemedialbone.]

G.phalanges:

 hallux

H.medialandlaterallongitudinalarches,transversearch

III.The Locomotor System:

TheJoints

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

Articulationor arthrosis

A.structuralclassification:

 fibrousjoints,cartilaginousjoints, synovial joints.

B.functionalclassification:

 synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis.

C.fibrousjoints:

 suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

D.cartilaginousjoints:

 synchondrosis,symphysis

E.synovialjoints:

 synovial（joint）cavity,articularcartilage,articularcapsule,fibrouscapsule,ligament,synovialmembrane,synovialfluid

F.bursa（pluralis bursae）

G.tendonsheaths

H.typesofmovementsat synovial joints:

 gliding,flexion,extension,lateralflexion,hyperextension,abduction,adduction, circumduction,rotation,medial（orinternal）rotation,lateral（orexternal）rotation,inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion,plantarflexion, supination, pronation,opposition.

I. typesof synovial joints:

 planarjoint,hingejoint,pivotjoint, condyloid orellipsoidaljoint,saddlejoint,ball-and-socketjoint

Kneejoint:

 medialandlateral tibiofemoral joints, patellofemoral joint, tibial collateralligament,fibularcollateralligament,anterior cruciate ligament（ACL）,posterior cruciate ligament（PCL）,medialmeniscus,lateralmeniscus.

IV.The Locomotor System:

TheMuscularSystem

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

Origin,Insertion,Belly,Leversystemandleverage,Primemoveroragonist,Antagonist,Synergist, Fixator.

Characteristicsusedtonamemuscles

Note:

Foreachofthefollowingmuscles,learnthename,location（e.g.,anteriorthigh）andaction;formusclesmarkedwithanasterisk,learntheoriginandinsertionaswell.

Occipitofrontalis:

 frontalbellyandoccipitalbelly, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major, buccinator, orbicularis oculi,*masseter,*temporalis,*sternocleidomastoid,*rectus abdominis,externaloblique,internaloblique, transversus abdominis,diaphragm,external intercostal,internalintercostals,*trapezius,*levator scapulae,rhomboidmajor,*pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi,*deltoid, subscapularis,*supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor,*biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialus,*triceps brachii, pronator teres,