直接引语和间接引语.docx
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直接引语和间接引语
35.直接引语和间接引语
引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：
一种是直接引语（DirectSpeech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（IndirectSpeech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
35.1陈述句的间接引语
陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语，如果引述动词（ReportingVerb）为现在形式，则间接引语中的动词时·体形式不变。
若引述动词为过去时行式，间接引语中的动词时，体形式一般就要做出相应的变化。
直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say,tell等。
与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。
Theforeigneraidtome,IlikeBeijingverymuch.
→TheforeignertoldmethatheshelikedBeijingverymuch.
Shesaid,Weareveryfondofsports.
→Shesaidthattheywereveryfondofsports.
1在时间推移到过去时间
概念:
一般现在时→一般过去时
现在进行时态→过去进行时，
现在完成时→过去完成时，
现在完成进行时→过去完成进行时。
Theoldmansaid,Ihavelivedinthisstreetsince1960.
→Theoldmansaidthathehadlivedinthatstreetsince1960.
Hesaid,”Isitraining?
”
→Heaskedifitwasraining.
在下列场合下，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中动词时，体形式不变。
a）引述客观事实，科学真理，现在习惯动作以及格言等内容
Hesaid,"Theword'laser'isanacronym."→Hesaid（that）theword'laser'isanacronym.
Shesaid,"Iusuallygetupat6."→Shesaidthatsheusuallygetupat6.
Teachersaid,"AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy."→TeachertoldusthatallworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy."
b）动词表示状态或动作在引述时仍在继续
"Iamforty,"hesaid.→-Hesaidheisforty.
c）位于动词包括无过去形式的情态动词
Hesaid,"Youmustbeveryfondofart."→HesaidthatImustbeveryfondofart.
d）原句的动词是虚拟式
Iinsisted,“Youshouldgiveupsmoking."→Iinsistedthatheshouldgiveupsmoking.
e）when,while,since引导的时间状语从句
Ourteachersaid,"It'smanyyearssincehecametolivehere."→Ourteachersaidthatit'smanyyearssincehecametolivehere."
f）直接引语中的动作或状态发生的时间未到
"Iwillbecomingtomorrow."shesaid.→-Shesaidthatshewillbecomingtomorrow.
g）直接引语中有确定的过去时态
Shesaid,"Thestorytookplacein1930s."→Shesaidthatthestorytookplacein1930s.
注意:
无过去时形式的情态动词可做不同用法，是用于否定句，肯定句还是用于疑问句，以及是用于第一第二第三人称，在变为间接引语是都有可能采用其他形式。
例如：
must表示必、推测、禁止等意思时，可不变；表示必须时可不变，也可用hadto或wouldhaveto。
Theseniorsaid,Allmenmustdie.→Theseniorsaidthatallmenmustdie.
Shesaid,Imustgotoseethedoctortomorrowafternoon.→Shesaidshemustwouldhavetogotoseethedoctorthenextafternoon.
②过去时间推移到过去的过去
最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去式形式。
一般过去时→过去完成时
过去完成时→过去完成时（不变）
过去进行时→过去完成进行时或不变
例：
Shesaidtome,Iwrotealettertomyparentsthreedaysago.
→Shetoldmethatshehadwrittenalettertoherparentsthreedaysbefore.
Whatwereyoudoingatsevenp.m.yesterdayheasked
→HeaskedmewhatIwasdoingatsevenp.m.thedaybefore.
直接引语变间接引语
●“Inevereatmeat.”hesaid.
Hesaidthat______never______meat.
●“I’vefoundmywallet.”hesaidtome.
He______methathe__________________wallet.
●“Itookithomewithme.”shesaid.
Shesaidthat___________________ithomewithher.
●Theteachersaid,“Thesunrisesintheeastandgoesdowninthewest.”
Theteachersaidthatthesun______intheeastand______downinthewest.
●“Imetheryesterday.”hesaidtome.
He______methathe______mettheday______.
●“Youmustcomeherebeforefive.”hesaid.
HesaidthatI______togo______beforefive.
●“Iboughtthehouse10yearsago.”hesaid.
Hesaidthathe_______boughtthehouse10years_______.
●“Didyouseeherlastweek?
”hesaid.
He____________Ihadseenhertheweek_______.
●Hesaid,“Youcansithere,Jim.”
He______Jimthathe______sitthere
●Heasked,“Howdidyoufindit,mother?
”
Heaskedhermother__________________foundit.
答案：
1.he,ate2.told,had,found,his3.she,had,taken4.rise,goes
5.told,had,before6.had,there7.had,before
8.asked,if（whether）,before9.told,could10.how,she,had
将来时间推移到过去将来时间
最常见的是把表示将来的助动词由现在时形式变为过去是形式
例如：
1.Itoldthemanager,”Therewon’tbeanyspareaircrafttomorrowmorning.”
—Itoldthemanagerthattherewouldn’tbeanyspareaircraftthenextmorning.
2.Hesaid,”We’refinishingourexperimentnextweek.”
—Hesaidthatwewerefinishingourexperimentnextweek.
3.Shesaid,”Themilkistogooffifyoudon’tdrinkittoday.”
—Shesaidthatthemilkwasistogooffifyoudon’tdrinkittoday.
但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或状态属于尚未到来的将来事态，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间
例如：
Shesaid,”I’llbewaitingforyoutomorrow.”
—Shesaidthatshe’llbewaitingformetomorrow
人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化
由上述诸例可以看出，当陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语时，除去动词的时、体形式变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也要做出相应的变化
人称代词，除引述本人原话之外，通常由第一、二人称变为第三、四人称。
或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也要做相应变化
例如：
SheaskedJack，"Wherehaveyoubeen?
"
—SheaskedJackwherehehadbeen．
Hesaid,"I’mgladtoreceiveyourletter.”
—Hesaidthatheisgladtoreceivemyletter.
指示代词this,these变为that/it,those/they或them:
指示限定词this,these变为that,those或the
例如：
Shesaid,“Iwillfisnishtheworkthismorning.”
—Shesaidthatshewillfisnishtheworkthatmorning.
Hesaid,"Thesebooksaremine．"
—Hesaidthatthosebookswerehis．
时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况
1.时间状语和动词时、体形式两者都变
例如
Hesaid,”Itwascompletedayearago.”
—Hesaidthatithadbeencompletedayearbefore.
2.时间状语不变，动词时、体形式可变可不变
例如
Marysaid,”WeleftBeijingat10thiseverning”
—Marytoldusthey’dleft/leftBeijingat10thiseverning”
3.时间状语变或不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间相同（如同一年，同一月，同一天等），时间状语可以不变
例如
Hesaidtome,"IhavetaughtEnglishsince1998."
—HetoldmethathehadtaughtEnglishsince1998
时间状语在间接引语中的变化规则
直接引语间接引语
nowthen
todaythatday
yesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousday
thedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore
tomorrowthefollowing/nextday
thedayaftertomorrowtwodaysafter,intwoday’stime
nextweek/monththenextweek/month
lastweek/monththeweek/monthbefore
l练习
对下列句子做出直接引语和间接引语的转化
1.Iaskedherwhereshewasgoingandwhatshewasgoingtodothenextday
答案：
Iaskedher,“Whereareyougoingandwhatareyougoingtodotomorrow?
”
2.Shesaidthatshewouldfinishherworkthenextday.
答案：
“I’llfinishmyworktomorrow,”shesaid.
3.Hesaidtome,“Areyougoinghomethisweekend?
”
答案：
HeaskedmeifIwasgoinghomethatweekend.
4.Marysaid,“IwenttoChinain1996.”
答案MarysaidshewenttoChinain1996.
5.Hesaidtohismother,“Ireceivedaletterfrommyfatheryesterday.”
答案Hetoldhismotherhehadreceivedaletterfromhisfatherthedaybefore
在空中填写正确的词
1.“Imetheryesterday.”hesaidtome.
He______methathe______mettheday______.
2.“Youmustcomeherebeforefive.”hesaid.
HesaidthatI______togo______beforefive.
3.“I’vefoundmywallet.”hesaidtome.
He______methathe__________________wallet.
4.“Iboughtthehouse10yearsago.”hesaid.
Hesaidthathe_______boughtthehouse10years_______.
5.“Didyouseeherlastweek?
”hesaid.
He____________Ihadseenhertheweek_______.
答案1.told,had,before2.had,there
3.told,had,found,his4.had,before
5asked,if[whether],before
35.2疑问句的间接引语（QuestioninIndirectSpeech）
疑问句变为间接引语时，除应注意动词时体形式，代词以及时间、地点状语的变化外，还应当注意词序的变化，即把疑问语序变为陈述语序。
一、疑问句间接引语的引导词问题
引述一般疑问句或附加疑问句时，通常用whether或if引导，而引述选择疑问句时，通常只用whether引导。
例如：
"Doeshereallymeanit?
"—Iwonderedwhether/ifhemeantit.
"Theyliveingroups,don’tthey?
"—Heaskedwhether/iftheylivedingroups.
"Isthisbookyoursorhis?
"—Sheaskedmewhetherthisbookwasmineorhis.
由what,when,where等引起的特殊疑问句转为间接疑问句时，用原句中的wh-词引导，用陈述句语序。
例如:
"WhichchairshallIsitin?
"—Heaskedmewhichchairheshouldsitin.
"Whydidnotyoustopher?
"—HeaskedwhyIhadnotstoppedher.
二、疑问句间接引语的交际功能问题
有些疑问句徒具形式，实际上并非提出询问，而是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义，引述此类疑问句时，应借助于其他表达手段，表示相同的交际功能。
a）表示请求、劝告时，通常用ask/advice/want等+宾语+不定式"结构。
例如：
"Wouldyoubuymesomestamps？
”—Heaskedmetobuyhimsomestamps.
"Whydonotyouphoneherfirst?
"—Headvisedmetophoneherfirst.
b）表示建议时，通常用“suggest+-ing分词”等结构。
例如：
“Shallwegettheticketsfirst?
”—Hesuggestedgettingtheticketsfirst.
—Hesuggestedthatthey（should）gettheticketsfirst.
“Whydonotyousenditbacktothefactory?
”—HesuggestedthatI（should）senditbacktothefactory.
上述方法也适用于引述"Whynot...?
","Whatabout...?
"等结构。
c）表示提议时，通常用“offer+不定式”等结构。
例如：
“ShallIpostthemtoyou?
”—Heofferedtopostthemtome.
Exercise.
1."Doyouwanttogobybus?
"heasked.
2."DoyouknowwhereMr.Stonelives?
"heaskedme.
3.Heasked,"wheredoesshelive?
"
4.“Whyhavenotyoufinished?
”heaskedme.
5.Shesaid,"Letusleavetheluggageatthestation."
6."Wouldyoupleasesparemeafewminutes?
"
7."ShallIpainttheceilingforyou?
"
8."AreyougoingtomeetJohnforlunch?
"mothersaid.
9."IfIamfreeIshallgotherenextTuesday,"hesaid.
10."WherehasJohnlefthisbicycle?
"Iasked.
Answer.
1.Heaskedwhether/ifIwantedtogobybus.
2.HeaskedmewhetherIknewwhereMr.Stonelived.
3.Heaskedwhereshelived.
4.HeaskedmewhyIhadnotfinished.
5.Shesuggestedleavingtheluggageatthestation./Shesuggestedthatthey/we（should）leavetheluggageatthestation.
6.Heaskedmetosparehimafewminutes.
7.Iofferedtopainttheceilingforyou.
8.Motheraskedwhether/ifIwasgoingtomeetJohnforlunch.
9.HesaidthathewouldgotherethefollowingTuesdayifhewasfree.
10.IaskedwhereJohnhadlefthisbicycle.
35.3祈使句和感叹句的间接引语
1.祈使句的间接引语
（1）祈使句通常采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构，引述动词通常是advise,ask,beg,command,encourage,forbid,invite,order,remind,request,tell,urge,warn等。
“sitdown,”Isnappedathim.
Isnappedathimtositdown.
Shesaid,“bringmeaglassofwater.”
Shebeggedtobringheraglassofwater.
（2）引述表示命令的祈使句时，可以用“动词+that-分句”结构，that-分句中谓语动词通常为“beto+不定式”或“havegotto+不定式”
Hesaid,“Donnotopenthedoor.”
HesaidthatIwasnottoopenthedoor.
Shesaid,“Comebackearlier.”
ShesaidthatIhadgottocomebackearlier.
（3）引述表示建议，劝告的祈使句时，可以用“sugget/say+that-分句”或“suggest+-ing分词”等结构
Hesaid,“Letusleavethecaseatthestation.”
Hesuggestedthatweshouldleavethecaseatthestati
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