直接引语和间接引语.docx

1、直接引语和间接引语 35.直接引语和间接引语 引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。 直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。35.1陈述句的间接引语 陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语，如果引述动词（Reporting Verb)为现在形式，则间接引语中的动词时体形式不变。若引述动词为过去时行式，间接引语中的动词时，体形式一般就要做出相应的变

2、化。 直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。 The foreigner aid to me, I like Beijing very much. The foreigner told me that he she liked Beijing very much. She said,We are very fond of sports. She said that they were very fond of sports.1在时间推移到过去时间 概念:一般

3、现在时一般过去时现在进行时态过去进行时，现在完成时过去完成时，现在完成进行时过去完成进行时。The old man said, I have lived in this street since 1960. The old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. He said,” Is it raining ?” He asked if it was raining. 在下列场合下，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中动词时，体形式不变。a)引述客观事实，科学真理，现在习惯动作以及格言等内容He said ,The word

4、 laser is an acronym. He said (that) the word laser is an acronym.She said,I usually get up at 6. She said that she usually get up at 6.Teacher said ,All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Teacher told us that all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.b)动词表示状态或动作在引述时仍在继续 I am forty,he said. -H

5、e said he is forty.c）位于动词包括无过去形式的情态动词He said,You must be very fond of art. He said that I must be very fond of art.d）原句的动词是虚拟式I insisted ,“You should give up smoking. I insisted that he should give up smoking.e)when,while ,since引导的时间状语从句Our teacher said ,Its many years since he came to live here. Ou

6、r teacher said that its many years since he came to live here.f)直接引语中的动作或状态发生的时间未到I will be coming tomorrow.she said. -She said that she will be coming tomorrow.g)直接引语中有确定的过去时态She said, The story took place in 1930s. She said that the story took place in 1930s.注意:无过去时形式的情态动词可做不同用法，是用于否定句，肯定句还是用于疑问句，

7、以及是用于第一第二第三人称，在变为间接引语是都有可能采用其他形式。例如：must表示必、推测、禁止等意思时，可不变；表示必须时可不变，也可用had to 或would have to。 The senior said, All men must die. The senior said that all men must die. She said, I must go to see the doctor tomorrow afternoon. She saidshe mustwould have to go to see the doctor the next afternoon. 过去时间

8、推移到过去的过去 最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去式形式。 一般过去时过去完成时 过去完成时过去完成时（不变） 过去进行时过去完成进行时或不变 例：She said to me, I wrote a letter to my parents three days ago. She told me that she had written a letter to her parents three days before. What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday he asked He asked me what I was d

9、oing at seven p.m. the day before. 直接引语变间接引语“I never eat meat.” he said. He said that _ never _ meat.“Ive found my wallet.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ _ _ wallet.“I took it home with me.” she said. She said that _ _ _ it home with her.The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down

10、in the west.”The teacher said that the sun _ in the east and _ down in the west.“I met her yesterday.” he said to me.He _ me that he _ met the day _.“You must come here before five.” he said.He said that I _ to go _ before five.“I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.He said that he _ bought the

11、house 10 years _.“Did you see her last week?” he said.He _ _ I had seen her the week _.He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”He _ Jim that he _ sit thereHe asked, “How did you find it, mother?”He asked her mother _ _ _ found it.答案：1.he ,ate 2.told,had,found,his 3.she,had,taken4.rise,goes 5.told,had,befor

12、e 6.had,there 7.had,before 8.asked,if(whether),before 9.told,could 10.how,she,had将来时间推移到过去将来时间最常见的是把表示将来的助动词由现在时形式变为过去是形式例如：1.I told the manager ,”There wont be any spare aircraft tomorrow morning.” I told the manager that there wouldnt be any spare aircraft the next morning.2.He said ,”Were finishi

13、ng our experiment next week.”He said that we were finishing our experiment next week.3.She said ,”The milk is to go off if you dont drink it today.” She said that the milk was is to go off if you dont drink it today.但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或状态属于尚未到来的将来事态，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间例如：She said ,”Ill be waiting for you t

14、omorrow.”She said that shell be waiting for me tomorrow人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上述诸例可以看出，当陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语时，除去动词的时、体形式变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也要做出相应的变化人称代词，除引述本人原话之外，通常由第一、二人称变为第三、四人称。或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也要做相应变化 例如：She asked Jack，Where have you been?She asked Jack where he had beenHe said, Im glad to receiv

15、e your letter.”He said that he is glad to receive my letter.指示代词this,these 变为that/it,those/they或them:指示限定词this,these 变为that,those或the 例如：She said , “I will fisnish the work this morning.”She said that she will fisnish the work that morning.He said, These books are mineHe said that those books were h

16、is 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况1.时间状语和动词时、体形式两者都变 例如He said,”It was completed a year ago.”He said that it had been completed a year before.2.时间状语不变，动词时、体形式可变可不变 例如Mary said ,”We left Beijing at 10 this everning”Mary told us theyd left/ left Beijing at 10 this everning”3.时间状语变或不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间相同（如同一年，同一月

17、，同一天等），时间状语可以不变 例如He said to me, I have taught English since1998 .He told me that he had taught English since1998时间状语在间接引语中的变化规则直接引语 间接引语now thentoday that dayyesterday the day before,the previous daythe day before yesterday two days beforetomorrow the following/next daythe day after tomorrow two da

18、ys after,in two days timenext week/month the next week/monthlast week/month the week/month beforel练习对下列句子做出直接引语和间接引语的转化1.I asked her where she was going and what she was going to do the next day答案：I asked her, “Where are you going and what are you going to do tomorrow?”2.She said that she would fini

19、sh her work the next day.答案：“Ill finish my work tomorrow,” she said.3. He said to me, “Are you going home this weekend?”答案：He asked me if I was going home that weekend.4.Mary said, “I went to China in 1996.”答案 Mary said she went to China in 1996.5.He said to his mother, “I received a letter from my

20、father yesterday.”答案 He told his mother he had received a letter from his father the day before在空中填写正确的词1.“I met her yesterday.” he said to me.He _ me that he _ met the day _.2. “You must come here before five.” he said.He said that I _ to go _ before five.3.“Ive found my wallet.” he said to me. He

21、_ me that he _ _ _ wallet.4. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.He said that he _ bought the house 10 years _.5. “Did you see her last week?” he said.He _ _ I had seen her the week _.答案1.told, had, before 2.had, there 3. told, had, found, his 4. had, before 5 asked, if whether, before 35.2疑问

22、句的间接引语（Question in Indirect Speech） 疑问句变为间接引语时，除应注意动词时体形式，代词以及时间、地点状语的变化外，还应当注意词序的变化，即把疑问语序变为陈述语序。一、疑问句间接引语的引导词问题引述一般疑问句或附加疑问句时，通常用whether或if引导，而引述选择疑问句时，通常只用whether引导。例如：Does he really mean it?I wondered whether/if he meant it.They live in groups,dont they? He asked whether/if they lived in groups.

23、Is this book yours or his? She asked me whether this book was mine or his.由what,when,where等引起的特殊疑问句转为间接疑问句时，用原句中的wh-词引导，用陈述句语序。例如:Which chair shall I sit in?He asked me which chair he should sit in.Why did not you stop her? He asked why I had not stopped her.二、疑问句间接引语的交际功能问题有些疑问句徒具形式，实际上并非提出询问，而是表示请

24、求、提议、建议、劝告等意义，引述此类疑问句时，应借助于其他表达手段，表示相同的交际功能。a)表示请求、劝告时，通常用ask/advice/want等+宾语+不定式结构。例如： Would you buy me some stamps？” He asked me to buy him some stamps. Why do not you phone her first? He advised me to phone her first. b)表示建议时，通常用“suggest+-ing分词”等结构。例如： “Shall we get the tickets first?” He suggest

25、ed getting the tickets first. He suggested that they (should) get the tickets first. “Why do not you send it back to the factory?” He suggested that I (should) send it back to the factory.上述方法也适用于引述Why not.?,What about.?等结构。c)表示提议时，通常用“offer+不定式”等结构。例如：“Shall I post them to you?” He offered to post

26、them to me.Exercise.1.Do you want to go by bus? he asked.2.Do you know where Mr.Stone lives? he asked me.3.He asked,where does she live?4.“Why have not you finished?”he asked me.5.She said,Let us leave the luggage at the station.6.Would you please spare me a few minutes?7.Shall I paint the ceiling f

27、or you?8.Are you going to meet John for lunch? mother said.9.If I am free I shall go there next Tuesday, he said.10.Where has John left his bicycle? I asked.Answer.1.He asked whether/if I wanted to go by bus.2.He asked me whether I knew where Mr.Stone lived.3.He asked where she lived.4.He asked me w

28、hy I had not finished.5.She suggested leaving the luggage at the station./She suggested that they/we (should)leave the luggage at the station.6.He asked me to spare him a few minutes.7.I offered to paint the ceiling for you.8.Mother asked whether/if I was going to meet John for lunch.9.He said that

29、he would go there the following Tuesday if he was free.10.I asked where John had left his bicycle.35.3祈使句和感叹句的间接引语1.祈使句的间接引语（1）祈使句通常采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构，引述动词通常是advise, ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, invite, order, remind, request, tell, urge, warn等。“sit down,”I snapped at him. I snapped at him to

30、sit down.She said,“bring me a glass of water.”She begged to bring her a glass of water.(2)引述表示命令的祈使句时，可以用“动词+that-分句”结构，that-分句中谓语动词通常为“be to+不定式”或“have got to+不定式”He said,“Don not open the door.”He said that I was not to open the door.She said,“Come back earlier.”She said that I had got to come back earlier.(3)引述表示建议，劝告的祈使句时，可以用“sugget/say+that-分句”或“suggest+ -ing分词”等结构He said,“Let us leave the case at the station.”He suggested that we should leave the case at the stati