英语语法.docx

英语语法.docx

《英语语法.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语法.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

英语语法

GRAMMA

The8EnglishPartsofSpeech

Nounsman,town,music

Pronounsyou,ours,some

Adjectivesgood,nice

Verbsbe,have,do,work,must

Adverbsloudly,well,often

Prepositionsat,in,on,from

Conjunctionsand,but,though

Interjectionsah,dear,eh,um

Articlea,an,the

Number56,2/3,0.5

Nouns

WhatareNouns?

Thesimpledefinitionis:

aperson,placeorthing

teacher,school,book

CountableNouns,UncountableNouns

Whyisthisimportant?

Whydosomenounshavenoplural?

dog/dogs,rice,hair（s）

CountableNouns

Whenacountablenounissingular,wemustuseawordlikea/the/my/thiswithit:

Iwantanorange.（notIwantorange.）

Whereismybottle?

（notWhereisbottle?

）

Whenacountablenounisplural,wecanuseitalone:

Ilikeoranges.

Bottlescanbreak.

Wecanusesome,any,lotsof,alotof,few,afew,many,agreatmany,manya,a（great）numberof,a（large）quantityof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof（usuallyforinanimatethings）withcountablenouns:

I'vegotsomedollars.

Haveyougotanypens?

I'vegotafewdollars.

Ihaven'tgotmanypens.

UncountableNouns

music,art,love,happiness

advice,information,news

furniture,luggage

rice,sugar,butter,water

electricity,gas,power

money,currency

Weusuallytreatuncountablenounsassingular.Weuseasingularverb.Forexample:

Thisnewsisveryimportant.

Yourluggagelooksheavy.

Wedonotusuallyusetheindefinitearticlea/anwithuncountablenouns.Wecannotsay"aninformation"or"amusic".Butwecansayasomethingof:

apieceofnews

abottleofwater

agrainofrice

Wecanusesome,any,lotsof,alotof,little,alittle,much,anamountof,alargeamountof,a（large）quantityof,（huge）quantitiesof,agreatdealofwithuncountablenouns:

I'vegotsomemoney.

Haveyougotanyrice?

I'vegotalittlemoney.

Ihaven'tgotmuchrice.

SomepeoplethinktherearehugequantitiesofwateronMars.

Ihaveanincredibleamountofworktodothisweek.

Peoplehaveacertainamountofrespectforhimsincehestooduptotheboss.

Susanhasgivenalargeamountofheroldclothingtocharity.”

Thecauseofinflationisdue,nottoanincreaseinthequantityofmoneybut,rather,totheriseinprices.

Susaninheritedalargeamountofmoneywhenherfatherdied.

Iwanttoknowtheamountofsugarneededfortherecipe.

Iwanttoknowthequantityofsugarneededfortherecipe.

CountableUncountable

dollarmoney

songmusic

suitcaseluggage

tablefurniture

batteryelectricity

bottlewine

reportinformation

tip,suggestionadvice

journey,triptravel

jobwork

view,scenescenery

Countable

Uncountable

Therearetwohairsinmycoffee!

Hair

Idon'thavemuchhair.

Therearetwolightsinourbedroom.

light

Closethecurtain.There'stoomuchlight!

Shhhhh!

IthoughtIheardanoise.

noise

It'sdifficulttoworkwhenthereistoomuchnoise.

Haveyougotapapertoread?

（=newspaper）

paper

Iwanttodrawapicture.Haveyougotsomepaper?

Ourhousehassevenrooms.

room

Isthereroomformetosithere?

Wehadagreattimeattheparty.

time

Haveyougottimeforacoffee?

MacbethisoneofShakespeare'sgreatestworks.

work

Ihavenomoney.Ineedwork!

ProperNouns

UseCapitalLetterswithProperNouns

commonnoun

propernoun

man,boy

John

woman,girl

Mary

country,town

England,London

company

Ford,Sony

shop,restaurant

Wal-Mart,McDonalds

month,dayoftheweek

January,Sunday

book,film

War&Peace,Titanic

ProperNounswithTHE

kingdom

theUnitedKingdom,theUK

republic

theFrenchRepublic

countries

thePhilippines,theUnitedStates

people（families,forexample）

theClintons

islandgroups

theVirginIslands,theBritishIsles

mountainranges

theHimalayas,theAlps

ProperNounswithTHE

hotels,restaurants

theRitzHotel,thePekingRestaurant

banks

theNationalWestminsterBank

cinemas,theatres

theRoyalTheatre,theABCCinema

museums

theBritishMuseum,theNationalGallery

buildings

theWhiteHouse,theCrystalPalace

newspapers

theDailyTelegraph,theSundayPost

organizations

theUnitedNations,theBBC,theEuropeanUnion

ProperNounswithTHE

Wenormallyuse"the"fornamesmadewith"of":

theTowerofLondon

theGulfofSiam

theTropicofCancer

theLondonSchoolofEconomics

theBankofFrance

theStatueofLiberty

ProperNounswithTHE

canals

theSuezCanal

rivers

theRiverNile,theNile

seas

theMediterraneanSea,theMediterranean

oceans

thePacificOcean,thePacific

IrregularPlurals

singularnoun

pluralnoun

mychild'sdog

mychildren'sdog

theman'swork

themen'swork

themouse'scage

themice'scage

aperson'sclothes

people'sclothes

Pronouns

PersonalPronouns

I,me,you,he,him,she...

DemonstrativePronouns

this,that,these,those,here,there

InterrogativePronouns

who,what,which...

ReciprocalPronouns

eachother,oneanother

IndefinitePronouns

another,much,nobody,few,such...

RelativePronouns

who,whom,which...

PersonalPronouns

subjectiveobjectivePossessive（adj/noun）Reflexive

1stImemy/minemyself

1stweusour/oursourselves

2ndyouyouyour/yoursyourself

2ndyouyouyour/yoursyourselves

3rdhehimhis/hishimself

3rdsheherher/hersherself

3rdititits/itsitself

3rdtheythemtheir/theirsthemselves

Johnistalkingtohim.

Johnistalkingtohimself.

JohnandMaryaretalkingtothem.

JohnandMaryaretalkingtothemselves.

JohnandMaryaretalkingtoeachother

____（I）lookedeverywherefor____key（you）.Ifound____（John）keybutIcouldn'tfind____.（you）

____flowersaredying（I）.____arelovely.（you）

Alltheessaysweregoodbut____wasthebest.（he）

Johnfound____（he）passportbutMarycouldn'tfind____.（she）

Hereis____（you）car.____isoverthere,where____leftit.（we）

Idon'tlikethisfamily'sgardenbutIlike____.（you）

Thesearen'tJohnandMary'schildren.____haveblackhair.（they）

JohnandMarydon'tlike____（you）car.Doyoulike____?

（they）

Johnsaw____（I）.

Whydoesheblame____（you）?

Davidsent____（she）acopy.

Canyouhelp____（I）children?

Theycannotlookafter____（they）.

Isaw____（I）inthemirror.

Whydoyoublame____（you）?

Help____（you）.

Imadeit____（I）.

Nevermind.We'lldoit____（we）.

InterrogativePronouns

Who/whom/whose,whoever/whomever/whosever,whosesoever

What,whatever,whatday/date/color/time

When,whenever

Where,wherever

Which,whichever,whichway/one/column

Why

How,however（but）,howgood/well/high/long/many/much/far/soon/important

Whotoldyou?

Whomdidyoutell?

Whatdoyouwant?

They'reallfantastic!

Whicheverwillyouchoose?

There'sonecarmissing.Whosehasn'tarrived?

Howdoyouknow?

Whenwillyouarrive?

Whereisthegasstation?

Whichonedoyouprefer?

Whynot?

ReciprocalPronouns

JohnandMaryloveeachother.

PeterandDavidhateeachother.

Thetenprisonerswereallblamingoneanother.

Bothteamsplayedhardagainsteachother.

Wegaveeachothergifts.

Whydon'tyoubelieveeachother?

Theycan'tseeeachother.

Thegangsterswerefightingoneanother.

Theboatswerebumpingagainsteachotherinthestorm.

RelativePronouns

Who

Whom

Whose

Which

that

RelativePronouns-Defining

-Thepersonwhophonedmelastnightismyteacher.

-Thepersonthatphonedmelastnightismyteacher.

-Thecarwhichhitmewasyellow.

-Thecarsthathitmewereyellow.

RelativePronouns-Defining

ThepersonwhomIphonedlastnightismyteacher.

-ThepeoplewhoIphonedlastnightaremyteachers.

-ThepersonthatIphonedlastnightismyteacher.

-ThepersonIphonedlastnightismyteacher.

-ThecarwhichIdriveisold.

-ThecarthatIdriveisold.

-ThecarIdriveisold.

RelativePronouns-Defining

-Thestudentwhosephonejustrangwalkedout.

-Studentswhoseparentsdidn’tcomeneedtotalkwiththeteacher. 

-Thepolicearelookingforthecarwhosedriverwasmasked.

-Thepolicearelookingforthecarofwhichthedriverwasmasked.

RelativePronouns:

defining

Thecar,whosedriverjumpedoutjustbeforetheaccident,wascompletelydestroyed.

Thecar,thedriverofwhichjumpedoutjustbeforetheaccident,wascompletelydestroyed

RelativePronouns:

non-defining

MrsPratt,whoisverykind,ismyteacher. 

Mybrother,whosephoneyoujustheard,isadoctor.

RelativePronouns:

non-defining

MrsPratt,whomIlikeverymuch,ismyteacher.

-MrandMrsPratt,whomIlikeverymuch,aremyteachers.

Prepositions

Thereareabout150（includingone-wordandcomplex）prepositionsinEnglish.

Aprepositionisfollowedbyanoun,pronounandgerund.

PrepositionsofPlace

atinon

POINTENCLOSEDSPACESURFACE

atthecornerinthegardenonthewall

atthebusstopinLondononthecling

atthedoorinFranceonthedoor

atthetopofthepageinaboxonthecover

attheendoftheroadinmypocketonthefloor

attheentranceinmywalletonthecarpet

atthecrossroadsinabuildingonthemenu

atthefrontdeskinacaronapage

PrepositionsofPlace

Janeiswaitingforyouatthebusstop.

Theshopisattheendofthestreet.

MyplanestoppedatDubaiandHanoiandarrivedinBangkoktwohourslate.

Whenwillyouarriveattheoffice?

Doyouworkinanoffice?

IhaveameetinginNewYork.

PrepositionsofPlace

DoyouliveinJapan?

JupiterisintheSolarSystem.

Theauthor'snameisonthecoverofthebook.

Therearenopricesonthismenu.

Youarestandingonmyfoot.

Therewasa"nosmoking"signonthewall.

Iliveonthe7thfloorat21OxfordStreetinLondon.

PrepositionsofPlace

atinon

athomeinacaronabus

atwor