英语语法.docx

1、英语语法GRAMMAThe 8 English Parts of SpeechNouns man, town, musicPronouns you, ours, someAdjectives good, niceVerbs be, have, do, work, mustAdverbs loudly, well, oftenPrepositions at, in, on, fromConjunctions and, but, thoughInterjections ah, dear, eh, umArticle a, an, theNumber 56, 2/3, 0.5Nouns What a

2、re Nouns?The simple definition is: a person, place or thingteacher, school, bookCountable Nouns, Uncountable NounsWhy is this important? Why do some nouns have no plural?dog/dogs, rice, hair(s)Countable NounsWhen a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:I want an o

3、range. (not I want orange.)Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:I like oranges.Bottles can break.We can use some, any, lots of, a lot of, few, a few, many, a great many, many a, a (great) number of, a (large) quantity of, a large amount of, a

4、 great deal of (usually for inanimate things) with countable nouns:Ive got some dollars.Have you got any pens?Ive got a few dollars.I havent got many pens.Uncountable Nounsmusic, art, love, happinessadvice, information, newsfurniture, luggagerice, sugar, butter, waterelectricity, gas, powermoney, cu

5、rrencyWe usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:This news is very important.Your luggage looks heavy.We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say an information or a music. But we can say a something of:a piece of n

6、ewsa bottle of watera grain of riceWe can use some, any, lots of, a lot of, little, a little, much, an amount of, a large amount of, a (large) quantity of, (huge) quantities of, a great deal of with uncountable nouns:Ive got some money.Have you got any rice?Ive got a little money.I havent got much r

7、ice.Some people think there are huge quantities of water on Mars.I have an incredible amount of work to do this week.People have a certain amount of respect for him since he stood up to the boss.Susan has given a large amount of her old clothing to charity.”The cause of inflation is due, not to an i

8、ncrease in the quantity of money but, rather, to the rise in prices.Susan inherited a large amount of money when her father died. I want to know the amount of sugar needed for the recipe.I want to know the quantity of sugar needed for the recipe.Countable Uncountabledollar moneysong musicsuitcase lu

9、ggagetable furniturebattery electricitybottle winereport informationtip, suggestion advicejourney, trip traveljob workview, scene sceneryCountable UncountableThere are two hairs in my coffee! Hair I dont have much hair.There are two lights in our bedroom.lightClose the curtain. Theres too much light

10、!Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.noiseIts difficult to work when there is too much noise.Have you got a paper to read? (=newspaper)paper I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?Our house has seven rooms.roomIs there room for me to sit here?We had a great time at the party.timeHave you go

11、t time for a coffee?Macbeth is one of Shakespeares greatest works.workI have no money. I need work!Proper Nouns Use Capital Letters with Proper Nounscommon nounproper nounman, boyJohnwoman, girlMarycountry, townEngland, LondoncompanyFord, Sonyshop, restaurantWal-Mart, McDonaldsmonth, day of the week

12、January, Sundaybook, filmWar & Peace, TitanicProper Nouns with THEkingdomthe United Kingdom, the UKrepublic the French Republiccountriesthe Philippines, the United Statespeople (families, for example)the Clintonsisland groupsthe Virgin Islands, the British Islesmountain rangesthe Himalayas, the Alps

13、Proper Nouns with THEhotels, restaurantsthe Ritz Hotel, the Peking Restaurantbanksthe National Westminster Bankcinemas, theatresthe Royal Theatre, the ABC Cinemamuseumsthe British Museum, the National Gallerybuildingsthe White House, the Crystal Palacenewspapersthe Daily Telegraph, the Sunday Postor

14、ganizationsthe United Nations, the BBC, the European UnionProper Nouns with THEWe normally use the for names made with of:the Tower of London the Gulf of Siam the Tropic of Cancer the London School of Economics the Bank of France the Statue of LibertyProper Nouns with THE canalsthe Suez Canalriverst

15、he River Nile, the Nileseasthe Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterraneanoceansthe Pacific Ocean, the PacificIrregular Plurals singular nounplural nounmy childs dogmy childrens dogthe mans workthe mens workthe mouses cagethe mices cagea persons clothespeoples clothesPronounsPersonal PronounsI, me, you, he

16、, him, she.Demonstrative Pronounsthis, that, these, those, here, thereInterrogative Pronounswho, what, which.Reciprocal Pronounseach other, one anotherIndefinite Pronounsanother, much, nobody, few, such.Relative Pronounswho, whom, which.Personal Pronounssubjective objective Possessive (adj/ noun) Re

17、flexive1st I me my/ mine myself1st we us our/ ours ourselves2nd you you your/ yours yourself2nd you you your/ yours yourselves3rd he him his/ his himself3rd she her her/ hers herself3rd it it its/ its itself3rd they them their/ theirs themselvesJohn is talking to him. John is talking to himself. Joh

18、n and Mary are talking to them. John and Mary are talking to themselves. John and Mary are talking to each other_ (I) looked everywhere for _ key (you). I found _ (John) key but I couldnt find _. (you) _ flowers are dying (I). _ are lovely. (you) All the essays were good but _ was the best. (he) Joh

19、n found _ (he) passport but Mary couldnt find _. (she) Here is _ (you) car. _ is over there, where _ left it. (we) I dont like this familys garden but I like _. (you)These arent John and Marys children. _ have black hair. (they) John and Mary dont like _(you) car. Do you like _? (they)John saw _ (I)

20、. Why does he blame _(you)? David sent _(she) a copy. Can you help _(I) children?They cannot look after _(they). I saw _(I) in the mirror. Why do you blame _(you)?Help _(you). I made it _(I). Never mind. Well do it _(we). Interrogative PronounsWho/ whom/ whose, whoever/ whomever/ whosever, whosesoev

21、erWhat, whatever, what day/ date/ color/ timeWhen, wheneverWhere, whereverWhich, whichever, which way/ one/ columnWhyHow, however (but), how good/ well/ high/ long/ many/ much/ far/ soon/ importantWho told you?Whom did you tell?What do you want?Theyre all fantastic! Whichever will you choose? Theres

22、 one car missing. Whose hasnt arrived? How do you know?When will you arrive?Where is the gas station?Which one do you prefer?Why not?Reciprocal Pronouns John and Mary love each other. Peter and David hate each other. The ten prisoners were all blaming one another. Both teams played hard against each

23、 other. We gave each other gifts. Why dont you believe each other? They cant see each other. The gangsters were fighting one another. The boats were bumping against each other in the storm. Relative PronounsWhoWhomWhoseWhichthat Relative Pronouns-Defining-The person who phoned me last night is my te

24、acher.- The person that phoned me last night is my teacher. -The car which hit me was yellow.- The cars that hit me were yellow. Relative Pronouns-DefiningThe person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.- The people who I phoned last night are my teachers.- The person that I phoned last night is m

25、y teacher.- The person I phoned last night is my teacher. -The car which I drive is old.- The car that I drive is old.- The car I drive is old. Relative Pronouns-Defining -The student whose phone just rang walked out.- Students whose parents didnt come need to talk with the teacher. -The police are

26、looking for the car whose driver was masked.- The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked. Relative Pronouns: definingThe car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was comple

27、tely destroyedRelative Pronouns: non-defining Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.Relative Pronouns: non-defining Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher.- Mr and Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, are my teachers.PrepositionsThere ar

28、e about 150 (including one-word and complex) prepositions in English. A preposition is followed by a noun, pronoun and gerund. Prepositions of Placeat in onPOINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACEat the corner in the garden on the wallat the bus stop in London on the clingat the door in France on the doorat the

29、 top of the page in a box on the coverat the end of the road in my pocket on the floorat the entrance in my wallet on the carpetat the crossroads in a building on the menu at the front desk in a car on a pagePrepositions of PlaceJane is waiting for you at the bus stop. The shop is at the end of the

30、street. My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late. When will you arrive at the office? Do you work in an office? I have a meeting in New York. Prepositions of PlaceDo you live in Japan? Jupiter is in the Solar System. The authors name is on the cover of the book. There are no prices on this menu. You are standing on my foot. There was a no smoking sign on the wall. I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London. Prepositions of Placeat in onat home in a car on a busat wor