最新高中英语语法全英详解无水印.docx
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最新高中英语语法全英详解无水印
体现市民生活质量状况的指标---恩格尔系数,上海也从1995年的53.4%下降到了2003年的37.2%,虽然与恩格尔系数多在20%以下的发达国家相比仍有差距,但按照联合国粮农组织的划分,表明上海消费已开始进入富裕状态(联合国粮农组织曾依据恩格尔系数,将恩格尔系数在40%-50%定为小康水平的消费,20%-40%定为富裕状态的消费)。
图1-1大学生月生活费分布
10元以下□10~50元□50~100元□100元以上□
十几年的学校教育让我们大学生掌握了足够的科学文化知识,深韵的文化底子为我们创业奠定了一定的基础。
特别是在大学期间,我们学到的不单单是书本知识,假期的打工经验也帮了大忙。
新材料手工艺品。
目前,国际上传统的金银、仿金银制成饰品的销售在逐步下降,与此形成鲜明对比的是,数年以前兴起的崇尚然风格、追求个性的自制饰品--即根据自己的创意将各种材质的饰珠,用皮、布、金属等线材串出的品,正在各国的女性中大行其道。
经常光顾□偶尔会去□不会去□
(一)大学生的消费购买能力分析
1、你一个月的零用钱大约是多少?
在大学生对DIY手工艺品价位调查中,发现有46%的女生认为在十元以下的价位是可以接受;48%的认为在10-15元;6%的则认为50-100元能接受。
如图1-2所示
5、你认为一件DIY手工艺制品在什么价位可以接受?
必修一
语法点一:
Be+v.ing表将来usethepresentcontinuoustenseforfutureplans
InEnglish,wehavelotsofwaysoftalkingaboutthefuture.Themostcommonwaysoftalkingaboutthefutureweencounteruse‘will’or‘begoingto’followedbyaninfinitive(动词原形),andwetendtouse‘begoingto’mostoftenfortalkingaboutfutureplans.Sometimes,wealsousethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkaboutfutureplans.
Ex.①wearegoingtoMexiconextSunday.
②Areyoucomingtothecinema?
③HeisleavingforLondonintwohours.
④WearespendingnextwinterinAustralia.
Onlysomeverbscanbeusedinthissituation,suchas:
go,arrive,come,leave,start,stay,return,play,have,work,wear,spend,see,meet,etc.
扩展:
What’sthedifferencebetweenusing‘begoingto’andthepresentcontinuoustotalkaboutfutureplans?
Let’slookatsomemoreexamples:
“I’mgoingtoplayfootballonSaturday”
Youhavemadeaplaninyourheadbutpossiblynottakenanyrealactiontoconfirmit.Also,playingfootballonSaturdayisprobablynotaregulareventforyou.
“I’mplayingfootballonSaturday”
Youhavemadeaplanandtakensomerealactiontoconfirmit(e.g.calledyourfriendsorbookedaplacetoplay).Inthiscase,it’slikelythatplayingfootballonSaturdaysisacommonactivityforyou.
语法点二:
Directspeechandindirectspeech(直接引语和间接引语)
Let'sfirstdefinetheterms,thenlookathowtotalkaboutwhatsomeonesaid,andhowtoconvertspeechfromdirecttoindirectorvice-versa.
YoucananswerthequestionWhatdidhesay?
intwoways:
byrepeatingthewordsspoken(directspeech)
byreportingthewordsspoken(indirectorreportedspeech).
Directspeechrepeats,orquotes,theexactwordsspoken.Whenweusedirectspeechinwriting,weplacethewordsspokenbetweenquotationmarks("")andthereisnochangeinthesewords.
Reportedorindirectspeechisusuallyusedtotalkaboutthepast,sowenormallychangethetenseofthewordsspoken.Weusereportingverbslike'say','tell','ask',andwemayusetheword'that'tointroducethereportedwords.Quotationmarksarenotused.
1、declarativesentence陈述句
①Changeinpronoun:
Thepronoun(subject)ofthereportedspeechischangedaccordingtothepronounofreportingverborobject(person)ofreportingverb(firstpartofsentence).Sometimesthepronounmaynotchange.
Infollowingexamplethepronounofreportedspeechis“I”whichwillbechangedinindirectspeechintothepronoun(Subject)ofreportingverbthatis“he”.
Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”→Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.
②Changeintense:
Ifthefirstpartofsentence(reportingverbpart)belongstopasttensethetenseofreportedspeechwillchange.Ifthefirstpartofsentence(reportingverbpart)belongstopresentorfuturetense,thetenseofreportedspeechwillnotchange.
③Changeindemonstrativepronoun指示代词,temporaladverbial时间状语,adverbialofplace地点状语andverbs.
Ps:
(1)ifthedirectspeechindicatesobjectivetruth,thenthereisnochangeintensewhenit’sconvertedtoindirectspeech.
Ex.Hesaid,“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”
→Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.
(2)如果在当地转述,here不必改成there,come不必改为go,如果在当天转述,yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
2、imperativesentence祈使句
Imperativesentencesdonotnormallyhaveanexpressedsubject.Inordertochangeanimperativesentenceintotheindirectspeech,weuseato-infinitive.Notethatinsteadof‘said’weuseoneofthefollowingreportingverbs:
Ask,Tell,Advise,command,request,order,forbid,decree,proposeetc.
Iftheimperativesentenceisinnegativeform,thenadd‘not’infrontofto-infinitivewhenconvertthespeech.
Ex.①Thehostesssaidtous,“Pleasesitdown.”
→Thehostessaskedustositdown.
②Hesaid,“Don’tmakesomuchnoise,boys.”
→Hetoldtheboystonottomakesomuchnoise.
3、interrogativesentence疑问句
Turnwordorderininterrogativesentenceintothatindeclarativesentence,anduseafullstopintheend.Thesubject,tense,adverbialetchavetochangeaccordingly.
(1)generalquestion一般疑问句
Generalquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingtheconnectiveiforwhether.Thereportingverbsayorsaidchangestoaskorasked.
Ex.Hesaid,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?
”
→Heasked(me)ifIwasinterestedinEnglish.
(2)specialquestion
Specialquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingthesameinterrogative.
Ex.“Whatdoyouwant?
”heaskedme.
→HeaskedmewhatIwanted.
语法点三:
TheAttributiveClause定语从句
Attributiveclauseisasentencethatisusedtomodifyanounorapronountomakeclearwhichpersonorthingwearetalkingabout.
Ex.Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetable.
YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.
Inthetwoexamplesabove,manandeverythingarecalledantecedents先行词.WholivesnexttousandthatIdoareattributiveclauses.Whoandthatarerelativepronoun关系代词.Thewordstoconnectmainclauseandattributiveclausearedividedintotwogroups,theyarerelativepronouns,namelythat,which,who,whom,whose,andrelativeadverbs,namelywhere,when,why.
Relativepronouns:
Weusewhoandwhomforpeople,andwhichforthings.Weusethatforpeopleorthings.
1.That,which,who
2.Whose
Whosereplacesagenitivenoun名词所有格inanattributiveclause.Theantecedentcanbethingorperson.
Ex.Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.
Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthismine.
3.When,where,why
First,whentheantecedentisaboutreason,anditactsasanadvintheattributiveclause,wewilluse“why”.Second,whentheantecedentisabouttime,anditplaystheroleofanadv,“when”willbeused.Third,whentheantecedentisaboutplace,playingtheroleofanadvofplace,wewillconsideradoptingwhere.
必修二
语法点一:
(接定从讲)
4.Therestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclause.限制性和非限制性
(1)Restrictiveclauseslimitthepossiblemeaningofaprecedingsubject.Theyareusuallynotmarkedbypausesinspeech,andtheyarenotsetoffbycommasinwriting.Sometimestherelativepronounwhichservesasanobjectinclausecanbeomitted.
Ex.Whatisthenameofthetallmanwhojustcamein?
Beijingisacity(that)I’vealwayswantedtovisit.
Hehasfoundthebook(that)hewaslookingfor.
(2)Nonrestrictiveclausestellyousomethingaboutaprecedingsubject,buttheydonotlimit,orrestrict,themeaningofthatsubject.Theyareusuallymarkedbybriefpausesinspeechandareusuallysetoffbycommasinwriting.Relativecannotbeomitted.
Ex.Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,hasaverylonghistory.
YesterdayImetLiPing,whoseemedtobeverybusy.
Ps:
①Inrestrictiveattributiveclause,relativeadverbsbehindtimeorplacesometimescanbeomittedinspokenEnglish.
Ex.Thatwastheyear(when)Ifirstwentabroad.
Weneedaplace(where)wecanstayforafewdays.
②Whyclausecanonlymodified‘reason’anditcanbeconvertedto‘forwhich’.InspokenEnglish,wecanalsouse‘that’orjustomittherelative.
Ex.Thereason(why/forwhich/that)IboughttherosesisthatMarylikesthem.
③‘How’cannotbeusedasrelativeadverbs.Weuseinwhich,that,ornorelativetomodify‘way’.
Ex.Thisistheway(how)Ididit.(wrong)
Thisistheway(inwhich/that)Ididit.(correct)
④theattributiveclausecanalsobecalledasrelativeclause.
语法点二:
Thepassivevoice
Wehavelearnedthepassivevoiceofthesimplepresenttenseandsimplepasttense.
1.Thesimplefuturetense(useaskasanexample)
Ps:
affirmativeform;negativeform;interrogativeform
2.Thepresentperfecttense
3.Thepresentcontinuoustense
4.Phrasalverb短语动词
Normally,onlytransitiveverbscanbeusedinpassivevoice,butwiththeadditionofprepositionoradverbtointransitiveverbs,somephrasalverbsserveastransitiveverbs,sotheyhavepassivevoicetoo.Payattention,wecan’tmissanypartofphrasalverbwhenwechangeitintopassivevoice.
Atlasttheyputoutthefire.→Atlastthefirewasputout.
Theywillputupanoticeonthewall.→Anoticewillbeputuponthewall.
Haveyousentforadoctor?
→Hasthedoctorbeensentfor?
Ps:
必修三
语法点一:
modalverbs情态动词
Amodalverbisatypeofverbthatisusedtoindicatemodality–thatis:
likelihood,ability,permission,andobligation.Theyhavetobeusedwithinfinitive.
Can-couldmay-mightshall-shouldwill-wouldhaveto-hadtomust
1.Can&could
Theycanbeusedtoindicateability,permission,possibility,etc.
Ps:
Possibility:
Weusethemodalcantomakegeneralstatementsaboutwhatispossible:
Itcanbeverycoldinwinter.(=Itissometimesverycoldinwinter)
Weusecouldasthepasttenseofcan:
Itcouldbeverycoldinwinter.(=Sometimesitwasverycoldinwinter.)
Weusecouldtoshowthatsomethingispossibleinthefuture,butnotcertain:
Ifwedon’thurrywecouldbelate.(=Perhaps/Maybewewillbelate)
Weusecouldhavetoshowthatsomethingis/waspossiblenoworatsometimeinthepast:
It’steno’clock.Theycouldhavearrivednow.
Permission:
Weuse can toaskforpermissiontodosomethingorgivepermission;couldismoreformalandpolitethancan.
2.May&might
Ps:
Th