流利说懂你英语Level4Unit2doc.docx

流利说懂你英语Level4Unit2doc.docx

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流利说懂你英语Level4Unit2doc

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Level4Unit2Part1Listening-ExtinctionEvents1

TheEarthwasformedaboutbillionyearsago.

Thefirstlifeappearedaboutabillionyearslater.

Thefirstplantsdidn'tappearuntilaround2billionyearsago.

Untilabout580millionyearsago,lifeformsweresmallandmicroscopic.

Sincethattime,lifehasevolvedintomanydifferenttypes,orspecies.

However,scientistsestimatethatmorethan99%ofthemarenowextinct.

TherehavebeenseveralextinctioneventsinthehistoryoftheEarth.

Inanextinctioneventmanylifeforms,orspeciesoflife,dieout.

Thecausesofmassextinctioneventsareunsolvedmysteries.

Theseeventsarenotpredictableandcanhappenatanytime.

Scientiststhinkthatsomeofthemwerestartedbyasteroidimpactsorvolcaniceruptions.

Eventslikethesecanchangetheglobalconditionsthatlifedependson.

Onemajorextinctioneventhappenedabout66millionyearsago.

ThateventmayhavebeenstartedbyalargeasteroidthathittheEarth.

Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspeciesontheplanetdiedout.

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Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itstartedachainofevents.

Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogether,likeachain.

Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears.

WhentheasteroidhittheEarth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoenter

theatmosphere.

ThiscloudofdustblockedthesunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths.

Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.

Withthedeathsofsomanyplantsandanimals,thefoodchaincollapsed.

Thisledtothedeathsofmanymorespecies.

Massextinctioneventshaveplayedanimportantpartintheevolutionof

life.

Infact,someextinctioneventshavehelpedtoaccelerateevolution.

Forexample,somemammalslivedthroughtheageofthedinosaurs,buttheycouldn'tcompete.

Whenthedinosaurswereremoved,themammalswereabletocompetemoresuccessfully.

Oncetheycouldcompete,mammalsevolvedtoahigherstate.

Withoutextinctionevents,perhapswewouldn'tbeheretoday.

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Level4Unit2Part1Listening-ExtinctionEvents2

Scientistsestimatethattherehavebeenatleast5massextinctionsinthelast540millionyears.

Theyalsobelievethatwehaveenteredanewextinctionevent.

Speciesarebecomingextinctatamuchfasterratethanbefore.

Insteadofasteroidsorvolcaniceruptions,thecurrenteventistheresultofhumanactivities.

Humanactivities,forexample,haveledtoglobalwarming.

Globalwarmingistheresultofanincreaseincarbongasesinouratmosphere.

Thesegasestrapheatfromthesun,sotheEarthisgettingwarmer.

Asaresult,sealevelsarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.

Inaddition,wehumansaredestroyingthehabitatsofmanyplantsandanimals.

Cuttingdownforestsandpollutingriversdestroysthehabitatsofmanyformsoflife.

Thereisnolongeranydoubtthatthisishappening

Speciesoflifearedisappearingatanincreasingrate.

Globaltemperaturesarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.

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Scientistsarewarningusthatfastactionisnecessarytosaveourfuture.

Ifwedon'tact,wemaygothewayofthedinosaurs.

（Thisnewextinctioneventiscausedbyhumans.）

Level4Unit2Part1Vocabulary-BodySystems

Thebody'scirculatorysystemincludestheheartandbloodvessels.

Theheartpumpsbloodtoallpartsofthebodythroughanetworkofarteriesandveins.

Thedigestivesystembreaksdownandabsorbsfoodintothebody.

Itsuppliestheenergythatthebodyneedsforgrowthandrepair.

Afterdigestion,excessfoodisturnedintowasteandeliminatedfromthe

body.

Thenervoussystemincludesthebrain,spinalcordandnerves.

Thisisyourbody'scontrolsystem.

Itcontrolsyourmusclesandorgans,includingyourcirculatoryand

digestivesystems.

Therespiratorysystemincludesthenoseandlungs.

Itbringsairandoxygenintothebodyandremovescarbondioxide.

Thelungsarewhereoxygenentersthebloodstreamandcarbondioxideisremoved.

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Theimmunesystemprotectsthebodyagainstinfectionsanddiseases.

Sneezingandfeverareexamplesofhowtheimmunesystemworks.

Ifaninfectioninvadesthebody,theimmunesystemattacksit.

（Thebloodvesselsthatcarryoxygen-richbloodfromtheheartare

calledarteries.）

（Thedigestivesystemiswherefoodisbrokendownandabsorbedintothebody.）

（Thenervoussystemregulatesyourheartbeatanddigestion.）

Level4Unit2Part1Vocabulary-GreatDiscoveries

Thecontrolleduseoffireallowedpeopletocookfoodandsurviveinthecolderclimates.

Fireprovidedlightsothatpeoplecouldworkandsocializeforlonger

hours.

Withtheinventionofagriculture,peoplecouldgrowfoodandsettle

intocommunities.

Bygrowingfood,peoplecouldspendlesstimehuntingandmoretimeforotherthingssuchasart.

Thedomesticationofanimalsallowedpeopletoraiseanduseanimals

forfoodandwork.

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Byraisingherdsofanimalssuchassheep,humanshadaregularsupplyofmeatandclothing.

Thestrengthofanimalssuchashorsesandoxenwasusedforworkand

transportation.

Thedevelopmentoftoolsandmachineshasresultedinmore

efficientmanufacturingandconstruction.

Withbettertoolsandmachines,workcanbedonewithfewerpeopleandatmuchlowercosts.

Thedevelopmentofscienceandengineeringhasimprovedmanythings,includingcommunications.

Withanunderstandingofelectricity,telephonesandradiosallowpeople

tocommunicateoverlongdistances.

（Scienceandengineeringhavechangedthewaywecommunicatewitheachother.）

（Withthedevelopmentofagriculture,peoplehadmoretimeforotheractivities.）

（Theuseofmachineshasreducedthenumberofpeopleneededtomakethings.）

Level4Unit2Part1Dialogue-SmartphoneAddiction

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Itookavacationlastnight.

Whatareyoutalkingabout

Wheredidyoutakeyourvacation

Ididn'tgoanywhere.

Ijustspentaneveningwithoutmysmartphone.

Howwasit

Itwasgreat.Igotarealmagazineandreaditwithnointerruption.

Itwasverypeaceful.

Yes,Ihaven'tdonethatinalongtime.

Youknowwhat

I'mbeginningtohatesmartphones.

Reallybutyoucan'tlivewithoutone,right

Yes,that'stheproblem.

Thesethingsarechangingthewaypeoplelive.

Yes,Ijustsawadocumentaryaboutthat.

Ahusbandwascomplainingtohiswifethatshewasspendingtoomuchtimeonhersmartphone.

WhathappenedDidtheygetadivorce

Youguessedit.Intheend,theygotadivorce.

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It'sabitironic,don'tyouthink

Smartphoneweresupposedtobringpeopletogether,buttheyarepullingpeopleapart.

Yes,youareright.

Hey,justaminute.I'vegotamessageonmysmartphone,anditcan'twait.

Level4Unit2Part1Dialogue-RudeBoss

Hey,wakeupandgetbacktowork.

What'swrongwithyou

I'monmybreaksir,andIhaveabadheadache.

Well,wearenotpayingyoutosleep.

Ifyou'regoingtosleep,sleepsomeplaceelse.

Yes,sir,sorry,itwon'thappenagain.

Ithadbetternot.

Justaminute.

Don'ttalktomelikethat.

Whatdidyousay

Youhurtme.youdon'thavetotreatpeoplelikethat.

Well,ifyoudon'tlikeit,Isuggestyouleave.

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OK,Iwill.I'vehadenoughofyou.

I'llgetajobsomewhereelse.

（Themanagertreatstheemployeesinathreateningmanner.）

（Theemployeetreatsthemanagerrespectfully.）

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Level4Unit2Part2Listening-PointofView1

Thismanisholdingapieceoffruitinhishand.

Thepieceoffruitiseitheranorangeoranapple.

Wecan’tseewhichitisbecausewecan’tseeinsidethebox.

Theprobabilitythatitisanorangeisequaltotheprobabilitythatitisanapple.

Itmaybeanapple,anditmaybeanorange.

It’sgottobeoneortheother.

Itcan’tbeanythingelse.

Nowlet’slookatitfromtheman’spointofview.

Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitiesaredifferent.

Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis100%or0%.

That’sbecauseheknowswhathehas.

Forhimthereisnouncertainty.

Ifhehasanorange,theprobabilityis100%.

Ifhedoesn’thaveanorange,theprobabilityis0%.

Heeitherhasitorhedoesn’t.

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Fromourpointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis50%.

Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis100%or0%.

Sotheprobabilitydependsonyourpointofview.

Level4Unit2Part2Listening-PointofView2

Peopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview.

Thisoftenleadstoargumentsbetweenpeople.

Herearesomeexamples.

Fromthisman’spointofview,heisrelaxing.

Heneedstorelaxbecausehehasbeenworkingtoohard.

Hehasn’tbeengettingenoughsleep.

Hiswifeseesthingsdifferently.

Sheisn’tawareofhowhardhehasbeenworking.

Fromherpointofview,heisdoingnothing.

However,sheknowswhatneedstobedonearoundthehouse.

Itisn’tfairthatshehastoworkwhilehedoesnothing.

Whenpeopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview,theyoftencometodifferentconclusions.

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Thesedifferencescancauserealcommunicationproblems.

Level4Unit2Part2Vocabulary