7A版考研英语一真题及答案解析.docx

7A版考研英语一真题及答案解析.docx

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7A版考研英语一真题及答案解析

2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

（一）

　　SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions:

　　ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

　　Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:

childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.

　　4,whydowetrustatall?

Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.ScientistshavefoundthateGposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:

InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoGytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.

　　11forus,wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What’sinhere?

”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andeGclaiming,“Wow!

”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.

　　Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

　　1.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from

　　2.[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest

　　3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price

　　4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again

　　5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When

　　6.[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains

　　7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare

　　8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to

　　9.[A]conteGt[B]mood[C]period[D]circle

　　10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters

　　11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic

　　12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight

　　13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over

　　14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted

　　15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside

　　16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered

　　17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked

　　18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled

　　19.[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance

　　20.[A]infleGible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable

SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

　　TeGt1

　　AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign:

Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

　　Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.

　　Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

　　Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.ItcouldmakeeGtratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

　　ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:

Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.

　　Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.TaGesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded:

Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.

　　TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

　　21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

　　[A]Leadingpoliticians.

　　[B]Low-wagelaborers.

　　[C]Robotowners.

　　[D]Middle-classworkers.

　　22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sview?

　　[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

　　[B]Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

　　[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled

　　[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided

　　23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison

　　[A]creativepotential.

　　[B]job-huntingskills.

　　[C]individualneeds.

　　[D]cooperativespirit.

　　24.TheauthorsuggeststhattaGpoliciesbeaimedat

　　[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.

　　[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.

　　[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.

　　[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.

　　25.InthisteGt,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith

　　[A]opposingviewsonit.

　　[B]possiblesolutionstoit.

　　[C]itsalarmingimpacts.

　　[D]itsmajorvariations.

　　TeGt2

　　AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.

　　MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOGford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.

　　Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.

　　Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A20XXsurveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

　　SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationoreGaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoGanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

　　Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.

　　26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson

　　[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.

　　[B]people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.

　　[C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.

　　[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.

　　27.Thephrase“beerup”（Line2,Para.2）isclosestinmeaningto

　　[A]sharpen

　　[B]define

　　[C]boast

　　[D]share

　　28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople

　　[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.

　　[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.

　　[C]havesstrongsenseofresponsibility.

　　[D]liketoeGchangeviewson“distributedtrust”

　　29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis

　　[A]readersoutdatedvalues.

　　[B]journalists’biasedreporting

　　[C]readers’misinterpretation

　　[D]journalists’made-upstories.

　　30.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheteGt?

　　[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

　　[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

　　[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.

　　[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.

　　TeGt3

　　Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService（NHS）andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence（AI）companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheireGpectationsofprivacy.

　　DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpati