中国古代发展 英文版.docx

中国古代发展 英文版.docx

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中国古代发展英文版

TheDevelopmentofAncientChina

A．社会（政治体制）

1,中国是世界上文明发达最早的国家之一（Chinaisoneofthecountriesintheworld,whichisearliesttoreachitsculturalflourishment.）

2,中国古代史经历了以下几个阶段Stage:

原始社会（primitivesociety）、奴隶社会（slavesociety）（170万年前-公元前476年）和封建社会（feudalsociety）。

PrimitiveSociety

中国是人类重要的发源地之一，经过漫长的进化，产生了不同时期的原始人（primitiveman）、氏族部落（Clans），如

元谋人（Homoerectusyuanmouensis）（About17,000,000yearsago）、

蓝田人（LantianMan）（About800,000yearsago）、

北京人Sinanthropuspekinensis（About700,000-200,000yearsago）、

山顶洞人（UpperCaveMan）（About30,000yearsago）

半坡人（BanpoMan）（About5,000-6,000yearsago）

原始人群（primitivecrowd）、母系社会（（matriarchalsociety）和父系社会（patrilinealsociety）

Slavesociety

夏XiaDynasty、商ShangDynasty、周ZhouDynasty、春秋TheSpringandAutumnPeriod

Feudalsociety

3，其中封建社会可分为五个阶段：

一、战国、秦、汉是封建社会形成（formation）和初步发展（initialdevelopment）阶段。

二、三国、两晋、南北朝，是封建国家分裂（Feudalnationalsecession）和民族大融合（nationalintegration）的阶段

三、隋唐五代时期是封建社会的繁荣阶段（prosperityphase）。

四、辽、宋、夏、金、元，是民族融合进一步加强和封建经济继续发展的阶段。

五、明、清（鸦片战争前），是统一的多民族国家巩固和封建制度渐趋衰落阶段。

B．思想

中国古代思想的发展也就是儒家思想的发展

a．DuringtheWarringStatesperiod：

Ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend（百家争鸣）

1，Confucianism

1.1，Confucius,thefounder

Confucius（traditionally28September551BC---479BC）livedbetween551and479duringthelateyearsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodofChina.Hewasagreatthinker,educatorandstatesmanaswellasoneofthemostlearntpeopleatthattime.Sohewashornedas“thesageofsages”andtheteacherofallages.

1.2Ren

Menciusclaimedthathumannaturewasgoodmeaninghumanshaveinborntendenciestowardvirtue.Withoutbeingtaught,peoplehaveatleastmomentaryfeelingsofcompassionforthesufferingsofothers.

1.3Yi

Ifwecultivatethisfeelingofcompassion,itwilldevelopintothevirtueofbenevolence.Ifwecultivateoursenseofshame,itwilldeveloptothevirtueofrighteousness.

1.4Li

Moralwaysofconductreferstoanyofthesecularsocialfunctionsofdailylife,akintotheWesterntermforculture.Shapingtheritualsinawaythatleadstoacontentandhealthysociety,andtocontentandhealthypeople,isonepurposeofConfucianphilosophy.

2.Mohism

2.1Mozi,thefounder

MoZi（470BC---391BC）,originalnameMoDi（墨翟）,wasaChinesephilosopher,thinker,educator,scientist,andmilitarist.HewasbornafewyearsafterConfucius'deathanddiedafewtearsbeforeMencius'birth.

2.2TenProposals

InclusiveCare兼爱RejectingAggression非攻

ElevatingtheWorthy尚同ConformingUpward尚贤

RejectingFatalism非命RejectingMusic非乐

ThriftinUtilization节用ThriftinFunerals节葬

Heaven'sIntention天志ExistenceofGhosts名鬼

3.Daoism

3.1Laozi,thefounder

LiErwasamysticphilosopherofancientChina,bestknownastheauthoroftheTaoTeChing（oftensimplyreferredtoasLaozi）.HisassociationwiththeTaoTeChinghasledhimtobetraditionallyconsideredthefounderofTaoism（pronouncedas"Daoism"）.HeisalsoreveredasadeityinmostreligiousformsoftheTaoistreligion,whichoftenreferstoLaoziasTaishangLaojun,or"OneoftheThreePureOnes".HeisconsideredasthefatherofChinesephilosophy.InthehistoryofChinesephilosophynoonecanbecomparedwithLaoZiwhosoextensivelyandthoroughlystudiedthelawsofmotionintheworld.

3.2Dao

Itisthemechanismofeverythingthatexists,thenatural,eternal,spontaneous,indescribablewaythingsbeganandpursuedtheircourse.

3.3De

Powerofmoralityorpowerforgood.Itisthepowerofnaturalness,orpower,ofsimplicity,evenofweakness.ThisispossiblythemostimportantpointintheDaoistphilosophy,andhasimmenseinfluenceonthedevelopmentofDaoistreligion.

Legalism

4.1HanFeiZi,thefounder

HanFei（280BC---233BC）iswasaChinesephilosopher,themostoutstandingrepresentativeoftheLegalistschool.HewasaprinceoftheroyalfamilyofHanduringtheWarringandStatesPeriod（475---221B.C.）.HeandLiSistudiedwithXunKuang.Inthiscontext,hisworkshavebeeninterpretedbysomescholarsasbeingdirectedtohiscousin,theKingofHan.

4.2Fa

Theruleoflawstandsincontrasttotheideathattheleaderisabovethelaw.Thelawcodemustbeclearlywrittenandmadepublic.Allpeopleundertherulerwereequalbeforethelaw.

4.3Shu

Itmeansspecialtacticsand“secrets”aretobeemployedbytherulertomakesureothersdonottakeovercontrolofthestate.Especiallyimportantisthatnoonecanfathomtheruler’smotivations,andsonoonecanknowwhichbehaviormighthelpthemgettingaheadexceptfollowingthelaws.

4.4Shi

Itliterallymeans"legitimacy,powerorcharisma".Itisthepositionoftheruler,nottherulerhimselforherself,thatholdsthepower.Therefore,analysisofthetrends,thecontext,andthefactsareessentialforarealruler.

b.TheWesternHanDynasty（206B.C.-A.D.24）

DuringthemidWesternHanDynasty,withConfucianismachievingdominance,theorthodoxlegalthoughtswithConfucianismasthemainstaycameintobeing.

Dongzhongshuinherits,mixesanddevelopstheideasofpredecessorsandbuiltasystematic"Heaven-HumanInduction"ideologysystem.

c.TheperiodfromSongtoMing

TheConfucianismdevelopedanyfurther.

1.ChenyiandChenghao:

Theworld isonlyonereason

2.Zhuxi'sviewsonknowinganddoingarecreativelydevelopedafterthethoughtsofConfuciusandMenciusandthemoralthoughtsofChengbrothers

3.TheidentityofknowledgeandactionformonethreadthroughallthedoctrineofWangYang-ming'smoralpractice

d.ThelateMingandearlyQingdynasty

TheConfucianism’scriticizingandinheriting

1TherepresentativepersonagesmainlyincludeLiZhi,HangZongxi,GuYanwuandWangFuzhi.TheywereagainstthetraditionalConfucianismanddecadentfeudalautocracyrule.

中国古代经济

中国的原始农业起源于黄河一长江流域，并首先在中原地区达到较高水平，南宋后经济重心南移。

China'soriginalagricultureoriginatedintheYellowRiverandYangtzeriverbasin,anditreachedahigherlevelinthecentralplainsfirstly,aftertheSouthernSongdynasty,economicgravitymovedtosouth.

1.随着生产工具的进步，原始社会的刀耕火种发展到简单协作的耜耕农业；Withtheimprovementoftheinstrumentsofproduction,theprimitivesocietyagriculturaldevelopedtothesimplecollaborationoftheirfarming

2.春秋战国时期，铁犁、牛耕出现与使用，以家庭为单位、农业与个体手工业相结合的自给自足的小农经济基本定型，并在古代社会一直延续。

Thespringandautumnperiodandthewarringstatesperiod,ironplough,oxen-ledappearedandwereused,withtheindividualfamilyastheunit,agricultureandhandicraftindustryofcombiningtheself-sufficientsmall-scalepeasanteconomyfinalizedthedesignbasically,andcontinuedintheancientsociety.

3.明清之际虽然产生了资本主义萌芽，但经济结构没有突破性进展。

InMingandQingdynasty,althoughthebudofcapitalismappeared,buttherewasnobreakthroughintheeconomicstructure.

4.古代中国的手工业在世界一直处于领先地位，官营手工业代表着当时生产技艺的最高水平。

AncientChinesehandicraftindustryintheworldhasbeeninaleadingposition,campofficerhandicraftindustryrepresentsthehighestlevelofproductiontechnology.

5.明中后期，在私营手工业里产生了雇佣关系，孕育了资本主义萌芽。

InthemiddleandlaterofMingdynasty,employmentrelationshipappearedinprivatehandicraftindustry,andbredthebudofcapitalism

6.早期商业发展繁荣，城市规模与功能不断扩大，汉唐之际的对外贸易繁荣。

Earlybusinessdevelopedprosperously,theurbanscaleandfunctionexpandedgradually,theforeigntradeprosperedinHanandTangDynasty.

7.明清之际，封建经济全面繁荣，商业发展出现了新特点。

但在重农抑商、闭关锁国政策下，资本主义萌芽受到阻碍，也失去了对外贸易的主动权，没有跟上世界大潮流，中国经济逐渐落后

InMingandQingdynasty,thefeudaleconomyprosperedcomprehensivelyandbusinessappearednewcharacteristics.Butunderthepolicyofphysiocracyandrestrictionofbusinessandseclusion,budofcapitalismhavebeenhampered,alsolosttheinitiativeinthebusinessofforeigntrade,didnotkeepupwiththetrendoftheworld,China'seconomyisgraduallyfallingbehind。

∙中国古代文化与科技（ThedevelopmentofancientChinesecultureandscienceandtechnology）

ItmainlyIncludetwoparts,oneisliteratureandart,andanotherisscienceandtechnology.

•Theancientartincludecalligraphy,painting,music,danceandsculptureartandsoon.

•Theancientliteratureincludepoetry,prose,thefuliterature,novels,drama,etc.

•Theancientscienceandtechnologyincludethefourgreatinventions,astronomyandCalendar,architecture,medicalscience,MathematicsandThefamousworksofscienceandtechnology,ect.

1.TheevolutionofChinesecharacters