专升本总复习语法10.docx

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专升本总复习语法10.docx

专升本总复习语法10

I.典型时态和特殊用法

1.一般现在时:

if从句中现在时表将来

2.现在进行时:

WeareleavingonFriday.

3.现在完成时:

a.musthavedone,shouldhavedone,could/canhavedone

b表示瞬间行为动词come,join,finish,marry,return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,只能用系动词加表语结构来代替

havebeendead,havebeenmarried

havebeenseated

4.现在完成进行时:

Hehasbeenwritingletterssincethismorning.

5.过去完成时:

a."nosooner…than”,和”hardly…when(before)”从句中常用一般过去时。

Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisperformancethantheaudiencebegantocheer.(=Hehadnosooner…than…)

b.用于虚拟语气中

6.将来完成时:

注意与被动语态的结合。

By+time

willhavedone/willhavebeendone

7.有些动词以主动形式出现,却有被动含义。

Cutwashsellread

8.短语动词构成的被动语态中,介词或副词不可省略。

如:

Moreschoolsandhospitalswillbesetupinthenearfuture./Theoldwomanhasbeenoperatedon.(这位老妇人已经动过了手术)/Thepursewaspickedupandhandedtothepolice.

此外,固定搭配“动词+名词+介词”习语中,介词也不能省掉。

Timemustbemadegooduseof./Lesscleverchildrenshouldnotbemadefunof.

9.如果宾补是不带to的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带to.如:

Hisparentsmakehimstudyhard./Heismadetostudyhard.

10.在want,need,desire,require和形容词worthconsistofbeworthyofbeingdone

Beworthytobedone

worth+doing后,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义.如:

Thehousewantsrepairing(=toberepaired)./Thepointdeservesmentioning(tobementioned)./Thenovelisworthreading.(=Thenovelisworthytoberead.=Thenovelisworthyofbeingreading.=Itisworthwhiletoreadthenovel.)

11.表示将来时的还有:

beaboutto/betodo/beonthepointof等.如:

Iwasonthepointofleavingwhenthephonerang./TheroadistoopentothepubliconOctober1,2004.

12.不规则动词:

hang    hanged   hanged hung    hung

lie    lay    lain

lay    laid    laid

shrink   shrank   shrunk

strike    struck,stricken

 

II.虚拟语气

1.虚拟语气三大公式:

2.有时条件从句和主句时态可以不一致,这叫混合条件虚拟语气.

Ifyouhadworkedhardyesterday,youwould

besuccessfulnow.

ifithadrained,Iwouldhavedonesth.

3.在动词Ifonly,wish,wouldrather,wouldsooner,asif(though)后的句子中谓语动词要用虚拟结构.

4.主语+ V.+that主语+(should)do

 V主要有:

表示建议(propose,suggest,urge,advise/advisable,recommend,move),表示要求(ask,require,request,demand,insist,desire,maintain),表示命令(command,order),表示安排(arrange),表示决定(resolve,decide)等.

Thatsb/sth______shoulddo/shouldbedone

/do/bedone

注意:

(1)suggest表示“说明”时后面不用虚拟语气。

/suggest+doingsth.

(2)insist,maintain表示“坚持认为”时后面不用虚拟语气。

表示“坚决要求”必须用虚拟语气。

Heinsistedthathehadn’tstolenmymoney.Heinsistedthattheboybesenttohospital.

5.在Itis(was)+adj.+that主语+(should)do

adj.主要有:

necessary,essential,important,vital,urgent,natural,desired,suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,desirable,advisable,strange等。

如:

Itisimportantthattheory(should)becloselycombinedwithpractice./Ithasbeendecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextSaturday.

6.It’s(high,about)timethatwedid(were)的句型中要用过去时

如:

Itishightime(that)webegantowork.

7.句型:

Butfor(=Ifitwerenotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)+V//Butfor(=Ifithadnotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)havedone

如:

Butforyourguidance(Ifitwerenotbeenforyourguidance),wewould/shouldfail./Butforyourhelp(=Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp),Iwouldhavefailedinthefinalexams.

8.lest(forfearthat/incase)+主语+(should)do

如:

Wedidn’ttelltheoldwomanthebadnewsforfearthatshe(should)breakdown.

III.情态动词

1.needn’t+不定式完成式:

表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为.

如:

Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你不必亲自来.

2.情态动词+havedone及其它

1)could+havedone表示与事实相反

 2)might+havedone表示未实现的行为

 3)needn’t+havedone表示做了不该做的事情

 4)must+havedone表示对过去行为的肯定推测

 5)should+havedone表示该做而未做到的事

 6)shouldnot+havedone表示做了不该做的事

注意:

表示对过去行为的否定推测为can’thavedone,而非mustn’thavedone.

3.shall/should(oughtto);will/would

4.可以看作情态动词的短语

 1)usedto+V表示"过去经常";而beusedtodoing表示"习惯于

 2)hadbetter+V表示”最好是”、”不如…

 3)hadrather+V…than和wouldrather+V…than表示”宁肯…不愿”之意。

如:

Wewould/hadratherdiethanyield.

 

IV.非谓语动词

一、不定式和动名词的区别:

动名词表示:

笼统、泛指的意思/抽象或经常性的动作/已成为过去或经验之谈

不定式表示:

一时性的具体的或特定的动作/现在或将来的动作

如:

Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)

Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)

Drivingacarduringtherushhouris tiring.(经验)

Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情)

二、非谓语的句型

(1)Ittakessb.+sometime+todo=sb.spendsometime(in)doing

(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo

(3)Itis+adj.+ofsb.+todo(常用的形容词有:

kind,nice,considerate,thoughtful,stupid,wise等.)

(4)Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime等名词+(in)doingsth.如:

Itisagreatfunplayingfootball./Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain./Itisnogoodhelpinghim./Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.

注意:

What’sthepointoftalkingwithyou?

(5)Thereisno+doing..(Thereisno表示”不可能”)

如:

Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的./Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说出要发生什么是不可能的. 

(6)havedifficulty(trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime)+(in)+doingsth.

(7)go+doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动

如:

go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(冲浪)

(8)bebusy+doing=bebusywithsth.忙着做…beengagedinbeoccupiedwith

sb.spend…time(money,energy)indoingsth.

 

三、V1+V2的模式

1.V1+V2(todo)

afford负担得起  hope希望    pretend假装    appear似乎

intend企图      promise答应    arrange安排    like喜欢 

refuse拒绝      attempt试图     learn学会      try试图  

decide决定      long渴望       want想要       desire欲得到

manage设法     wish希望       expect期望     mean打算

fail未能     offer表示要    happen碰巧     plan计划

2.V1+V2(doing)

admit承认     imagine想象          appreciate赞赏,感激

mind介意      avoid避免,避开       miss错过

complete完成   postpone推迟,延期    consider考虑

practice实践    delay耽搁,延误       resist忍住

endure忍受     risk冒风险           enjoy享……之乐,喜爱

suggest建议    escape逃跑           insiston坚持

excuse原谅     giveup放弃          objectto反对

can’thelp禁不住 putoff延期等   

如:

Headmittedhavingmademistake./Wouldyouconsidergoingnorththissummer?

/Theyhavefinishedtheirstudying.

3.V1+V2(介词+doing)

succeedin/tosuccessive

Economicalindustrialindustriousconsiderate

Considerablerespectiverespectable

4.V1+V2(todo或doing),但语义不同

(1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)  

(2)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事/stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事

(3)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)/rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)

(4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾/regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

(5)trytodo努力、企图做某事/trydoing试验、试一试某种办法

(6)meantodo打算/meandoing意味着

(7)like,love,hate,prefer+todo表示具体行为/like,love,hate,preferdoing表示抽象、习惯、倾向行为

(8)need,require,want,deserve+tobeV-ed或V-ing,表示要(修、清理)等意思. 

试比较:

Don’tforgettocometomorrow.(tocome动作未做)/ IshallneverforgetseeingtheQueen.//Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought.(已讲过)/Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法.(未做但要做)

5.V1+sb./sth.+V2(do/doing/done)(V1为感官动词)

V1主要有:

find,feel,notice,hear,observe,listento,perceive(察觉),see,lookat,overhear,watch,notice

Overseeignoreneglect

如:

Wefeltthehouseshake./Iheardtheclockstriketwelvelastnight./Isawhimgooutoftheclassroomaminuteago./HesawhissonwatchingTVwhenheleft./Ifindthewindowbroken.  

 

四、非谓语作定语

 Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.

 Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.

  Ineedapentowritewith./Thereisnothingtoworryabout.     

Theroomfacing(=whichfaces)southisourclassroom./Isthereanythingplanned(=thathasbeenplanned)for

 

Thebuildingbeingbuiltisverytall.

五、非谓语作状语

1.不定式作结果状语

(1)In1935helefthomenevertoreturn.

(2)so+形容词(或副词)+asto…  

Thehouseissohighandnarrowastoresembleatower.

(3)such+名词短语+asto…     

Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespaired.     

(4)onlyto…竟然…(表示与预料相反的结果)  

Hestudiedhard,onlytofailintheexam.

Hedidn’tstudyhard,failingtheexam.

(5)形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to…够,足以   

Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.

2.分词作状语

a.主被动关系b时间顺序c逻辑主语

Havingfinishedmywork,Iwenthome.

Havingbeenpunished,hecried.

Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecityis---.

Itbeingfine,wegoforawalk.

d.When,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语.如:

When(being)free,I’llfetchyou./Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher./Iffallingill,I’llseemydoctor./Oncecompleted,thispowerstationsuppliesthenearbytownsandvillageswithelectricity.

e.独立结构

1)结构:

(with)+n./pron.+doing(done,adj.,prep.phrase)

例句:

Withyoustandingthere,wecan’twork./Hefellasleepwiththelampburning./Theboysreturnedwiththeirfacecoveredwithsweat./Hesleptwellwiththedooropen./Hestoodtherewithhishatinhand./Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand./

2)结构:

   S1  ,    S2   .(S1和S2的主语不一致)

Weatherpermitting(Ifweatherpermits),we’llplaybasketballtomorrow./Thisdone(Whenthishadbeendone),theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.(事情办完了,他们装起工具回家了)./Therainhavingstopped(Aftertherainhadstopped),thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.

六.非谓语的时态和语态

1.非谓语的完成式:

V1+V2(V2的动作发生在V1的动作之前)

Thehouseissaidtohavebeenburntinafire.

Thewholecompanywaspraisedforhavingprovidedagoodservice.

注意:

在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should(或)wouldlike等动词之后,则表示没有实现的行为.如:

Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.他原计划出国(但他没有去)./Ihopedtohaveseenher.我原希望会见到她的(可是我没见到她)./Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到)./Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到).(  

3.非谓语的语态

Dickpreferstobeassignedheavierworktodo..

七、非谓语动词常考的其它结构

1.疑问词+

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