专升本总复习语法10.docx
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专升本总复习语法10
I.典型时态和特殊用法
1.一般现在时:
if从句中现在时表将来
2.现在进行时:
WeareleavingonFriday.
3.现在完成时:
a.musthavedone,shouldhavedone,could/canhavedone
b表示瞬间行为动词come,join,finish,marry,return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,只能用系动词加表语结构来代替
havebeendead,havebeenmarried
havebeenseated
4.现在完成进行时:
Hehasbeenwritingletterssincethismorning.
5.过去完成时:
a."nosooner…than”,和”hardly…when(before)”从句中常用一般过去时。
Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisperformancethantheaudiencebegantocheer.(=Hehadnosooner…than…)
b.用于虚拟语气中
6.将来完成时:
注意与被动语态的结合。
By+time
willhavedone/willhavebeendone
7.有些动词以主动形式出现,却有被动含义。
Cutwashsellread
8.短语动词构成的被动语态中,介词或副词不可省略。
如:
Moreschoolsandhospitalswillbesetupinthenearfuture./Theoldwomanhasbeenoperatedon.(这位老妇人已经动过了手术)/Thepursewaspickedupandhandedtothepolice.
此外,固定搭配“动词+名词+介词”习语中,介词也不能省掉。
Timemustbemadegooduseof./Lesscleverchildrenshouldnotbemadefunof.
9.如果宾补是不带to的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带to.如:
Hisparentsmakehimstudyhard./Heismadetostudyhard.
10.在want,need,desire,require和形容词worthconsistofbeworthyofbeingdone
Beworthytobedone
worth+doing后,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义.如:
Thehousewantsrepairing(=toberepaired)./Thepointdeservesmentioning(tobementioned)./Thenovelisworthreading.(=Thenovelisworthytoberead.=Thenovelisworthyofbeingreading.=Itisworthwhiletoreadthenovel.)
11.表示将来时的还有:
beaboutto/betodo/beonthepointof等.如:
Iwasonthepointofleavingwhenthephonerang./TheroadistoopentothepubliconOctober1,2004.
12.不规则动词:
hang hanged hanged hung hung
lie lay lain
lay laid laid
shrink shrank shrunk
strike struck,stricken
II.虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气三大公式:
2.有时条件从句和主句时态可以不一致,这叫混合条件虚拟语气.
Ifyouhadworkedhardyesterday,youwould
besuccessfulnow.
ifithadrained,Iwouldhavedonesth.
3.在动词Ifonly,wish,wouldrather,wouldsooner,asif(though)后的句子中谓语动词要用虚拟结构.
4.主语+ V.+that主语+(should)do
V主要有:
表示建议(propose,suggest,urge,advise/advisable,recommend,move),表示要求(ask,require,request,demand,insist,desire,maintain),表示命令(command,order),表示安排(arrange),表示决定(resolve,decide)等.
Thatsb/sth______shoulddo/shouldbedone
/do/bedone
注意:
(1)suggest表示“说明”时后面不用虚拟语气。
/suggest+doingsth.
(2)insist,maintain表示“坚持认为”时后面不用虚拟语气。
表示“坚决要求”必须用虚拟语气。
Heinsistedthathehadn’tstolenmymoney.Heinsistedthattheboybesenttohospital.
5.在Itis(was)+adj.+that主语+(should)do
adj.主要有:
necessary,essential,important,vital,urgent,natural,desired,suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,desirable,advisable,strange等。
如:
Itisimportantthattheory(should)becloselycombinedwithpractice./Ithasbeendecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextSaturday.
6.It’s(high,about)timethatwedid(were)的句型中要用过去时
如:
Itishightime(that)webegantowork.
7.句型:
Butfor(=Ifitwerenotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)+V//Butfor(=Ifithadnotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)havedone
如:
Butforyourguidance(Ifitwerenotbeenforyourguidance),wewould/shouldfail./Butforyourhelp(=Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp),Iwouldhavefailedinthefinalexams.
8.lest(forfearthat/incase)+主语+(should)do
如:
Wedidn’ttelltheoldwomanthebadnewsforfearthatshe(should)breakdown.
III.情态动词
1.needn’t+不定式完成式:
表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为.
如:
Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你不必亲自来.
2.情态动词+havedone及其它
1)could+havedone表示与事实相反
2)might+havedone表示未实现的行为
3)needn’t+havedone表示做了不该做的事情
4)must+havedone表示对过去行为的肯定推测
5)should+havedone表示该做而未做到的事
6)shouldnot+havedone表示做了不该做的事
注意:
表示对过去行为的否定推测为can’thavedone,而非mustn’thavedone.
3.shall/should(oughtto);will/would
4.可以看作情态动词的短语
1)usedto+V表示"过去经常";而beusedtodoing表示"习惯于
2)hadbetter+V表示”最好是”、”不如…
3)hadrather+V…than和wouldrather+V…than表示”宁肯…不愿”之意。
如:
Wewould/hadratherdiethanyield.
IV.非谓语动词
一、不定式和动名词的区别:
动名词表示:
笼统、泛指的意思/抽象或经常性的动作/已成为过去或经验之谈
不定式表示:
一时性的具体的或特定的动作/现在或将来的动作
如:
Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)
Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)
Drivingacarduringtherushhouris tiring.(经验)
Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情)
二、非谓语的句型
(1)Ittakessb.+sometime+todo=sb.spendsometime(in)doing
(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo
(3)Itis+adj.+ofsb.+todo(常用的形容词有:
kind,nice,considerate,thoughtful,stupid,wise等.)
(4)Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime等名词+(in)doingsth.如:
Itisagreatfunplayingfootball./Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain./Itisnogoodhelpinghim./Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.
注意:
What’sthepointoftalkingwithyou?
(5)Thereisno+doing..(Thereisno表示”不可能”)
如:
Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的./Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说出要发生什么是不可能的.
(6)havedifficulty(trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime)+(in)+doingsth.
(7)go+doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动
如:
go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(冲浪)
(8)bebusy+doing=bebusywithsth.忙着做…beengagedinbeoccupiedwith
sb.spend…time(money,energy)indoingsth.
三、V1+V2的模式
1.V1+V2(todo)
afford负担得起 hope希望 pretend假装 appear似乎
intend企图 promise答应 arrange安排 like喜欢
refuse拒绝 attempt试图 learn学会 try试图
decide决定 long渴望 want想要 desire欲得到
manage设法 wish希望 expect期望 mean打算
fail未能 offer表示要 happen碰巧 plan计划
2.V1+V2(doing)
admit承认 imagine想象 appreciate赞赏,感激
mind介意 avoid避免,避开 miss错过
complete完成 postpone推迟,延期 consider考虑
practice实践 delay耽搁,延误 resist忍住
endure忍受 risk冒风险 enjoy享……之乐,喜爱
suggest建议 escape逃跑 insiston坚持
excuse原谅 giveup放弃 objectto反对
can’thelp禁不住 putoff延期等
如:
Headmittedhavingmademistake./Wouldyouconsidergoingnorththissummer?
/Theyhavefinishedtheirstudying.
3.V1+V2(介词+doing)
succeedin/tosuccessive
Economicalindustrialindustriousconsiderate
Considerablerespectiverespectable
4.V1+V2(todo或doing),但语义不同
(1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
(2)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事/stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事
(3)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)/rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)
(4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾/regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
(5)trytodo努力、企图做某事/trydoing试验、试一试某种办法
(6)meantodo打算/meandoing意味着
(7)like,love,hate,prefer+todo表示具体行为/like,love,hate,preferdoing表示抽象、习惯、倾向行为
(8)need,require,want,deserve+tobeV-ed或V-ing,表示要(修、清理)等意思.
试比较:
Don’tforgettocometomorrow.(tocome动作未做)/ IshallneverforgetseeingtheQueen.//Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought.(已讲过)/Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法.(未做但要做)
5.V1+sb./sth.+V2(do/doing/done)(V1为感官动词)
V1主要有:
find,feel,notice,hear,observe,listento,perceive(察觉),see,lookat,overhear,watch,notice
Overseeignoreneglect
如:
Wefeltthehouseshake./Iheardtheclockstriketwelvelastnight./Isawhimgooutoftheclassroomaminuteago./HesawhissonwatchingTVwhenheleft./Ifindthewindowbroken.
四、非谓语作定语
Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.
Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.
Ineedapentowritewith./Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
Theroomfacing(=whichfaces)southisourclassroom./Isthereanythingplanned(=thathasbeenplanned)for
Thebuildingbeingbuiltisverytall.
五、非谓语作状语
1.不定式作结果状语
(1)In1935helefthomenevertoreturn.
(2)so+形容词(或副词)+asto…
Thehouseissohighandnarrowastoresembleatower.
(3)such+名词短语+asto…
Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespaired.
(4)onlyto…竟然…(表示与预料相反的结果)
Hestudiedhard,onlytofailintheexam.
Hedidn’tstudyhard,failingtheexam.
(5)形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to…够,足以
Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.
2.分词作状语
a.主被动关系b时间顺序c逻辑主语
Havingfinishedmywork,Iwenthome.
Havingbeenpunished,hecried.
Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecityis---.
Itbeingfine,wegoforawalk.
d.When,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语.如:
When(being)free,I’llfetchyou./Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher./Iffallingill,I’llseemydoctor./Oncecompleted,thispowerstationsuppliesthenearbytownsandvillageswithelectricity.
e.独立结构
1)结构:
(with)+n./pron.+doing(done,adj.,prep.phrase)
例句:
Withyoustandingthere,wecan’twork./Hefellasleepwiththelampburning./Theboysreturnedwiththeirfacecoveredwithsweat./Hesleptwellwiththedooropen./Hestoodtherewithhishatinhand./Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand./
2)结构:
S1 , S2 .(S1和S2的主语不一致)
Weatherpermitting(Ifweatherpermits),we’llplaybasketballtomorrow./Thisdone(Whenthishadbeendone),theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.(事情办完了,他们装起工具回家了)./Therainhavingstopped(Aftertherainhadstopped),thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.
六.非谓语的时态和语态
1.非谓语的完成式:
V1+V2(V2的动作发生在V1的动作之前)
Thehouseissaidtohavebeenburntinafire.
Thewholecompanywaspraisedforhavingprovidedagoodservice.
注意:
在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should(或)wouldlike等动词之后,则表示没有实现的行为.如:
Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.他原计划出国(但他没有去)./Ihopedtohaveseenher.我原希望会见到她的(可是我没见到她)./Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到)./Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到).(
3.非谓语的语态
Dickpreferstobeassignedheavierworktodo..
七、非谓语动词常考的其它结构
1.疑问词+