英语语言学复习总结.docx

英语语言学复习总结.docx

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英语语言学复习总结

1、Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:

linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

Itisascientificstudiesbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypotheses,thusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.

Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation;thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.

2、Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage（CharlesHockett）

（1）Arbitrariness

----Nological（motivatedorintrinsic）connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.

 -----Nonaturalandinevitablelinkbetweenthesoundandthemeaning

Exception:

OnomatopoeicwordsandSomecompoundwords.

（2）Productivity/creativity

Wecanspeakanendlessnumberofsentenceswithalimitedvocabularyandonesentencecanexpandintoendlesstheoreticallypossiblesentencesinthewayofrecurring

Exception:

andbeedancingisusedonlytoindicatefoodsources,whichistheonlykindofmessagethatcanbesentthroughthedancing.

（3）Duality

▪Lowerlevel----sounds（meaningless）

▪Higherlevel----meaning（largerunitsofmeaning）

Exception:

thegroupingofthethreesounds/k/,/a:

/,and/p/canmeaneitherakindoffish（crap）,orapublicplaceforrestandamusement（park）.

（4）Displacement

Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

Exception:

Yesterdaywhichbookdidyouread?

（5）Culturaltransmission

LanguagecantransmitCulturewhichthelanguagecontains.

Exception；anEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.

3、wordformation

（1）Compound

Itreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform. icecream,sunrise,paperbag

（2） Derivation

Itreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes.

Unconscious,national,nationalize

（3）Blending

Itreferstotheformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

Smoke+fog=smog烟雾

（4）Abbreviation

1）cuttingthefinalpart（orwithaslightvariation） advertisement-----ad

2）cuttingtheinitialpart   aeroplane-----plane

3）cuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly  refrigerator----fridge

（5）Acronym（I）

Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.WB:

WorldBank

Acronym（II）

Thisprocessisalsowidelyusedinshorteningextremelylongwordsofwordgroupsinscience,technologyandotherspecialfields.VAT:

valueaddedtax增殖税

（6）Back-formation

Itreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage

Editor------edit

（7）Borrowing

Latin:

cancer,page,i.e.（thatis）e.g.（forexample）etc.（etcetera）

Chinese:

taji,chowmein,kung-fu

Japanese:

Judo

French,German,Italian,Spanish

（8）Invention

Sinceeconomicactivitiesarethemostimportantanddynamicinhumanlife,manynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersortheirbrandnamessuchasKodak,Coke,nylon,andotherstocopewiththeInventionofnewentities.

4.XPrule

1.XPrule:

specifier+head+complement

2.XPrule:

（Specifier）X’

X’àX（complement）

3.XPrule:

（Specifier）X（Complement*）

4.XPrule:

（Spec）（Mod）X（Complement*）（Mod）

Complement:

（ingrammar）thatpartofthesentencewhichfollowstheverbandwhichthuscompletesthesentence.

Features:

Ø     oneormorecomplementsarepermitted

Ø     （eg.Astoryaboutasentimentalgirlwithpurpleumbrella…）

Ø     wordsthatcantakeCParenotverbsalone.As,NsandPscanalltakeCP

Ø     （e.g.takeit;poorasachuchmouse;themanwithhat;rightnearthefireplace）

Ø     Acertainlexicalitemrequiresacertaintypeofcomplement.

Ø     （e.g.cometoschool;gotobed;lookthroughit）

Modifier:

isusedtospecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.

ModifierpositioninEnglish

Modifier

Pos