TPO 21阅读详细解析.docx

TPO 21阅读详细解析.docx

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TPO21阅读详细解析

TPO21

Q1Accordingtotheprocessesdescribedinparagraph1,whatistherelationshipbetweenradioactivityandthesteamproducedbygeothermalheat?

AGeothermallyheatedsteamisproducedwhenwaterisexposedtoradioactivitydeepunderground.

BWhenwaterisintroducedintoholesdrilledthousandsoffeetintheground,itbecomesradioactiveandturnstosteam.

CRadioactivityheatsEarth’sinteriorrock,whichinturncanheatwatertothepointbecomessteam.

DWhenareservoirofsteaminsubsurfacerockisproducedbyradioactivity,itissaidtobegeothermallyheated.

Q2Theword“practical”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Ausable

Bplentiful

Ceconomical

Dfamiliar

Paragraph2

Q3Theword“abundant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Aeconomical

Bfamiliar

Cplentiful

Duseful

Q4Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutheatreservoirswithatemperatureintherangeof80°to180°centigrade?

ATheyareunderinternationalcontrol.

BTheyaremorecommonthanreservoirsthathaveahighertemperature.

CFewofthemproduceenoughheattowarmlargeindustrialspaces.

DTheyareusedtogenerateelectricity.

Paragraph3

Q5

Accordingtoparagraph3,whatistheconnectionbetweenundergroundfaultsandnaturallyoccurringsteam?

AUndergroundfaultsenabletheheatfrommolten-rockmaterialtoescapeupwardtoregionswhereitcanheatsurfacewaterenoughtoproducesteam.

BUndergroundfaultsarecreatedbysteamthatisproducedingeothermalreservoirsdeepinsideEarth.

CUndergroundfaultscreatespacesinwhichnaturalsteamissometimestrapped.

DUndergroundfaultsallowsurfacewatertoreachdeeprocksthatarehotenoughtoturnitintosteam.

Q6

Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthormentionthatinthe1990stheGeyserswasinitsthirddecadeofproduction?

AToprovidethehistoricalcontextofthegeothermalproductionofelectricityintheUnitedStates

BToimplythattheGeyserswasthefirstgeothermalsitetobeputintoproductioninCalifornia

CTohelpexplainthesignsofdeclineshownbytheGeysers

DToexplainwhy70newgeothermalsiteswereputintoelectricityproductioninthelate1990s

Q7

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraphs2and3aboutgeothermalreservoirs?

AVolcanicheatisassociatedonlywithgeothermalreservoirsthathaveatemperatureover180°centigrade.

BMorecountriesproducepowerfromgeothermalreservoirsthanusethemforheatingbuildings.

CMostgeothermalreservoirsaresuitablefroproducingelectricity.

DAhighergeothermalreservoirtemperatureisneededtogenerateelectricitythanisneededtoheathomes.

Q8

Accordingtoparagraph4,extractingheatfromveryhot,dryrocksisdifficultinpartbecause

ATheundergroundrockmustbefracturedbeforeheatcanberemovedfromit.

BThewaterabovetherockisunderveryhighpressure

CTherockbreaksapartwhenwaterispumpedintoit

DThewatercirculatedthroughtherockmustbemuchcoolerthantherockitself

Q9

Theword“exploiting”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Alocating

Bincreasing

Cmakinguseof

Destimatingthesizeof

Q10

Howistheproblemthatthesurfacemansinkrelatedtotheproblemthatwaterheatedgeothermallymaycontaintoxicmaterials?

ABothproblemscouldbesolvedbyreturninggroundwaterthatisremovedfromanundergroundheatreservoirbacktothereservoirafterheatisextractedfromit.

BTheproblemofsinkingismoredifficulttosolvethanistheproblemoftoxicmaterials.

CLandatthesurfacesinksbecausetherockbeneaththesurfaceisweakenedwhensaltsandtoxicmaterialsareremovedfromitintheprocessofextractinggeothermalenergy.

DBothproblemsarecausedbythefactthatthehotgroundwaterinaheatreservoirdissolvestherock,whichweakenstherockandmakesthewatertoxicwithsalt.

Q11

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

AHeatflowsthroughsolidrockveryslowly,soittakesaverylongtimeforgeologicalprocessestoproduceareservoirofgeothermalenergy.

BGeothermalenergyisnotrenewablebecauseheatflowsveryslowlythroughsolidrockintoofourofaheatreservoir.

CTheheatquicklyremovedfromaheatreservoirisreplacedsoslowlybygeologicalprocessesthatgeothermalenergyisnot,practicallyspeaking,renewable.

DInmostcases,heattravelsintoaheatreservoirsoslowlythatitisamuchquickerprocesstoremovetheheatfromareservoirthantoreplaceit.

Q12

Inparagraph6,theauthorimpliesthatinCalifornia,Hawaii,thePhilippines,Japan,Mexico,andtheriftvalleysofAfricathepotentialsizeofthegeothermalresourceissolargethat

AItmightbeeconomicallyworthdevelopingthesesiteseventhoughgeothermalenergyisnotrenewable

BThesesiteswillbethefirstgeothermalenergysitestobedevelopedwithnewtechnology.

CThesesitesarelikelytomakealarge-scalecontributiontotheworldenergybudgetinthetwenty-firstcentury

DItdoesnotmatterwhethertheyhavenaturallyoccurringdepositsofhotwaterorsteam.

Q13

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Ineithercase,theheatedwaterwillusuallybeunderconsiderablepressure,andsomayhaveatemperaturethatiswellaboveitssea-levelboilingpointof100°centigrade.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.

Q14

HeatreservoirsintheformofhotrockfarbeneathEarth’ssurfaceareapotentialsourceofusablegeothermalenergy.

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Answerchoices

AHeatreservoirswithatemperaturefrom80°to180°centigradecanbeused,asinFranceandIceland,toheatbuildings.

BMostheatreservoirswithatemperatureabove180°Centigradecannotbeusedforenergybecausetheyareusuallytooclosetorecentvolcanicactivity.

CExperimentsareunderwaytodetermineifgeothermallyheatedwaterscouldbeusedasasourceofcertainmineralsthathavebeendissolvedoutofhotrocksdeepwithinEarth.

DAnumberofcountriesnowusegeothermalreservoirsthatcontainwaterorsteamabove180°centigradetogenerateelectricity.

EThesinkingoflandaboveheatreservoirsandwaterispumpedintoaheatreservoirunderhighpressure.

FAnumberofissues,includinghowtoextractheatfromreservoirsthatdonothaveanaturalsupplyofwater,willsignificantlylimittheuseofgeothermalenergyfortheforeseeablefuture.

GeothermalEnergy

Earth’sinternalheat,fueledbyradioactivity,providestheenergyforplatetectonicsandcontinentaldrift,mountainbuilding,andearthquakes.Itcanalsobebecomesavailableinapracticalformwhenundergroundheatistransferredbywaterthatisheatedasitpassesthroughasubsurfaceregionofhotrocks（aheatreservoir）thatmaybehundredsorthousandsoffeetdeep.Thewaterisusuallynaturallyoccurringgroundwaterthatseepsdownalongfracturesintherock;lesstypically,thewaterisartificiallyintroducedbybeingpumpeddownfromthesurface.Thewaterisbroughttothesurface,asaliquidorsteam,throughholesdrilledforthepurpose.

Byfarthemostabundantformofgeothermalenergyoccursattherelativelylowtemperaturesof80°to180°centigrade.Watercirculatedthroughheatreservoirsinthistemperaturerangeisabletoextractenoughheattowarmresidential,commercial,andindustrialspaces.Morethan20,000apartmentsinFrancearenowheatedbywarmundergroundwaterdrawnfromaheatreservoirinageologicstructurenearPariscalledtheParisBasin.IcelandsitsonavolcanicstructureknownastheMid-AtlanticRidge.Reykjavik,thecapitalofIceland,isentirelyheatedbygeothermalenergyderivedfromvolcanicheat.

Geothermalreservoirswithtemperaturesabove180°centigradeareusefulforgeneratingelectricity.Theyoccurprimarilyinregionsofrecentvolcanicactivityashot,dryrock;naturalhotwater;ornaturalsteam.Thelattertwosourcesarelimitedtothosefewareaswheresurfacewaterseepsdownthroughundergroundfaultsorfracturestoreachdeeprocksheatedbytherecentactivityofmoltenrockmaterial.Theworld’slargestsupplyofnaturalsteamoccursattheGeysers,120kilometersnorthofsanFrancisco,California.Inthe1990senoughelectricitytomeetabouthalftheneedsofSanFranciscowasbeinggeneratedthere.Thisfacilitywastheninitsthirddecadeofproductionandwasbeginningtoshowsignsofdecline,perhapsbecauseofoverdevelopment.Bythelate1990ssome70geothermalelectric-generatingplantswereinoperationinCalifornia,Utah,Nevada,andHawaii,generatingenoughpowertosupplyaboutamillionpeople.Eighteencountriesnowgenerateelectricityusinggeothermalheat.

Extractingheatfromveryhot,dryrockspresentsamoredifficultproblem:

therocksmustbefracturedtopermitthecirculationofwater,andthewatermustbeprovidedartificially.Therocksarefracturedbywaterpumpeddownatveryhighpressures.Experimentsareunderwaytodeveloptechnologiesforexploitingthisresource.

Likemostotherenergysources,geothermalenergypresentssomeenvironmentalproblems.Thesurfaceofthegroundcansinkifhotgroundwateriswithdrawnwithoutbeingreplaced.Inaddition,waterheatedgeothermallycancontainsaltsandtoxicmaterialsdissolvedfromthehotrock.Thesewaterspresentadisposalproblemiftheyarenotreturnedtothegroundfromwhichtheywereremoved.

Thecontributionofgeothermalenergytotheworld’senergyfutureisdifficulttoestimate.Geothermalenergyisinasensenotre