概要写作1说明文.docx

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概要写作1说明文.docx

概要写作1说明文

 

概要写作1说明文(总7页)

概要写作(SummaryWriting)

一、概要写作的定义(DefinitionofSummary)

Asummaryisabriefstatementofthemainpointofalongercomposition,whichreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithnomorethan60words.

二、写作指导

概要写作,是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。

它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题,主要包括三个步骤:

(1)阅读;

(2)写作;(3)修改成文。

第一步:

阅读

A.认真阅读给定的原文材料,如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍;阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。

B.划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子;决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了;对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。

C.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。

第二步:

动手写作

A.概要写作应尽量用自己的话完成,不要直接引用原文的句子;

B.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序,这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实;

C.要全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意;

D.写概要写作时可以采用下列几种小技巧:

1)删除细节,只保留主要观点;

2)选择一至两个例子:

原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子;

3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子:

如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。

4)避免重复:

在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明,但是这在概要写作中是不能使用的;应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5)压缩长句:

如下列两例:

“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”

可以概括为:

________________________________________________________________

“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”

可以概括为:

________________________________________________________________

6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句:

请看下面的例子:

“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”

可以概括为:

________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:

“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”

可以概括为:

________________________________________________________________

8)使用最短的连接词:

比如,可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though,不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。

通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。

9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在概要写作中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:

KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:

“Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it’snotgoodforyou!

”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:

”Whyonearthnot!

Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboardorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!

”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:

”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguises(掩饰)thetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtle(微妙的)thansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”

可以用第三人称概括为:

______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

第三步:

修改成文

草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改。

首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。

其次,如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们,保持语言简单明了。

最后,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。

最后,。

经过上述步骤和方法,一篇概要写作就可以完成了。

三、说明文概要写作要点点拨

说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类:

1.现象分析类:

介绍某现象及其成因、结果,即“现象+成因+结果”

Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主题),which…(补充解释)

(inthepassage)thewriterintroduces…tous,especiallyits….,fromwhichweknow…

2.利弊对比类:

描写某事物的性质功能,即“对象+性质功能+利弊”

(inthepassage)thewriterintroduces…tous,especiallyits…,fromwhichweknow…

Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…

ThepassageshowsthatAandBaresimilarinthat….However,A…whileB….

Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.

Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…

3.研究报告类:

针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施,即“问题+解决方法”

Asisreportedinthestudy,….

Thepassagetellsus….Sotheauthortellsushowto...,including……

Thestudyreveals/shows/indicates/suggeststhat…

Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…

在写作前,我们要通读短文,确定其内容是属于那种类型,然后选择确当的模板。

注意:

不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点,尽量少使用原文语句,多用自己的概括性的语言;不要超出60个单词。

 

课堂训练:

Directions:

Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.

Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial,whichoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.

Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink(发出恶臭),andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.

Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.

Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainalertanddotheirpart.(255words)

材料分析:

根据文本内容,这是一篇_______________________的说明文;在写作之前,我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。

第一段的中心句是_____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________,同时也点明了文章的主题,后面就在以__________为例。

第二段主要包括两方面内容,一是_______________________________________________;二是_____________________________________________________________________________。

第三段主要在讲_______________________________________________________________,其中_____________________________________________________________________________是段落的中心句,后面就列举了______________________________________________________。

第四段开头的however至关重要,说明_____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

弄清了每段的主要内容后,我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接,在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可:

 

四.小试牛刀

Readthefollowingparagraphsanduseonesentenceorphrasetowritethesummaryofeachparagraph.

1.AnIowahighschoolcounselorgetsacallfromaparentprotestingthe“C”herchildreceivedonanassignment.“Theparentarguedeverypointintheessay,”recallsthecounselor,whosoonrealizedwhythemotherwassodisappointedaboutthegrade.“Itbecameapparentthatshe’dwrittenit.”

.

2.Inasurvey,90%ofnewteachersagreedthatinvolvingparentsintheirchildreneducationisapriorityattheirschoolbutonly25%describedtheirexperienceworkingwithparentsas“verysatisfying”.Whenaskedtochoosethebiggestchallengetheyface,31%ofthemquotedinvolvingparentsandcommunicatingwiththemastheirtopchoice.73%ofnewteacherssaidtoomanyparentstreatschoolsandteachersasenemies.

.

3.Atatimewhencompetitionisrisingandresourcesarelimited,whenbattlesovertestingforceschoolstoadjusttheirpriorities,whencellphoneande-mailspeeduptheinformationflowandallkindsofprivateghostsandpublicquarrelsslipintotheparent-teacherconference,it’sharderforbothsidestostepbackandbreathedeeplyandlookatthegoalstheyshare.

.

4.Everyonesaystheparent-teacherconferenceshouldbepleasant,civilized,akindofdialoguewhereparentsandteachersbuildpartnership.Butwhatmostteachersfeel,andcertainlywhatallparentsfeel,isanxietyandpanic.

.

5.Whenateacherasksparentstobepartners,heorshedoesn’tnecessarilymeanMomorDadshouldbecampingintheclassroom.Researchshowsthatthoughstudentsbenefitmodestlyfromhavingparentsinvolvedatschool,whathappensathomemattersmuchmore.AccordingtoresearchbasedontheNationalEducationLongitudinalStudy,asampleofnearly25,000eighthgraders,amongfourmainareasofparentalinvolvement(homediscussion,homesupervision,schoolcommunication,andschoolparticipation),homediscussionwasthemoststronglyrelatedtoacademicachievement.

.

 

二、概要写作的要点(EssentialsofSummaryWriting)

1.Graspmainpointsandavoidcoveringeverydetail:

Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdelivered;Toomit(省略)unnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation;

2.Sticktotheoriginalandavoidaddingpersonalopinions:

Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic;

3.Useyourownwordsandavoidcopyingtheoriginals:

Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoesinyourownwordsinacondensed(简洁的)manner.

三、Tipsonsummarywriting

While?

reading:

Isthepassageanexposition(说明文),a?

narration(记述文)oranargumentation(议论文)

ArethereanytopicsentencesorkeywordsIfso,underline(划线)themandparaphrase(改述)them.

Whilewriting

1)Topicsentences

2)Mainsupportingpoints/evidence

3)About60words

1)Touseyourownwords

2)Tobeconcise(简洁明了)--leaveoutthe?

details

 

--reducetheexamples

--simplifythedescriptions

--eliminateallrepetitions

3)Topresenttheinformationfairly,

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