概要写作1说明文.docx
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概要写作1说明文
概要写作1说明文(总7页)
概要写作(SummaryWriting)
一、概要写作的定义(DefinitionofSummary)
Asummaryisabriefstatementofthemainpointofalongercomposition,whichreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithnomorethan60words.
二、写作指导
概要写作,是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题,主要包括三个步骤:
(1)阅读;
(2)写作;(3)修改成文。
第一步:
阅读
A.认真阅读给定的原文材料,如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍;阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子;决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了;对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
C.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。
第二步:
动手写作
A.概要写作应尽量用自己的话完成,不要直接引用原文的句子;
B.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序,这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实;
C.要全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意;
D.写概要写作时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
1)删除细节,只保留主要观点;
2)选择一至两个例子:
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子;
3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子:
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4)避免重复:
在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明,但是这在概要写作中是不能使用的;应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5)压缩长句:
如下列两例:
“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”
可以概括为:
________________________________________________________________
“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”
可以概括为:
________________________________________________________________
6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句:
请看下面的例子:
“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”
可以概括为:
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:
“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”
可以概括为:
________________________________________________________________
8)使用最短的连接词:
比如,可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though,不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。
通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在概要写作中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:
KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:
“Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it’snotgoodforyou!
”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:
”Whyonearthnot!
Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboardorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!
”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:
”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguises(掩饰)thetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtle(微妙的)thansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”
可以用第三人称概括为:
______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
第三步:
修改成文
草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改。
首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。
其次,如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们,保持语言简单明了。
最后,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。
最后,。
经过上述步骤和方法,一篇概要写作就可以完成了。
三、说明文概要写作要点点拨
说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类:
1.现象分析类:
介绍某现象及其成因、结果,即“现象+成因+结果”
Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主题),which…(补充解释)
(inthepassage)thewriterintroduces…tous,especiallyits….,fromwhichweknow…
2.利弊对比类:
描写某事物的性质功能,即“对象+性质功能+利弊”
(inthepassage)thewriterintroduces…tous,especiallyits…,fromwhichweknow…
Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…
ThepassageshowsthatAandBaresimilarinthat….However,A…whileB….
Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.
Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…
3.研究报告类:
针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施,即“问题+解决方法”
Asisreportedinthestudy,….
Thepassagetellsus….Sotheauthortellsushowto...,including……
Thestudyreveals/shows/indicates/suggeststhat…
Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…
在写作前,我们要通读短文,确定其内容是属于那种类型,然后选择确当的模板。
注意:
不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点,尽量少使用原文语句,多用自己的概括性的语言;不要超出60个单词。
课堂训练:
Directions:
Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.
Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial,whichoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.
Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink(发出恶臭),andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.
Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.
Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainalertanddotheirpart.(255words)
材料分析:
根据文本内容,这是一篇_______________________的说明文;在写作之前,我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。
第一段的中心句是_____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________,同时也点明了文章的主题,后面就在以__________为例。
第二段主要包括两方面内容,一是_______________________________________________;二是_____________________________________________________________________________。
第三段主要在讲_______________________________________________________________,其中_____________________________________________________________________________是段落的中心句,后面就列举了______________________________________________________。
第四段开头的however至关重要,说明_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
弄清了每段的主要内容后,我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接,在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可:
四.小试牛刀
Readthefollowingparagraphsanduseonesentenceorphrasetowritethesummaryofeachparagraph.
1.AnIowahighschoolcounselorgetsacallfromaparentprotestingthe“C”herchildreceivedonanassignment.“Theparentarguedeverypointintheessay,”recallsthecounselor,whosoonrealizedwhythemotherwassodisappointedaboutthegrade.“Itbecameapparentthatshe’dwrittenit.”
.
2.Inasurvey,90%ofnewteachersagreedthatinvolvingparentsintheirchildreneducationisapriorityattheirschoolbutonly25%describedtheirexperienceworkingwithparentsas“verysatisfying”.Whenaskedtochoosethebiggestchallengetheyface,31%ofthemquotedinvolvingparentsandcommunicatingwiththemastheirtopchoice.73%ofnewteacherssaidtoomanyparentstreatschoolsandteachersasenemies.
.
3.Atatimewhencompetitionisrisingandresourcesarelimited,whenbattlesovertestingforceschoolstoadjusttheirpriorities,whencellphoneande-mailspeeduptheinformationflowandallkindsofprivateghostsandpublicquarrelsslipintotheparent-teacherconference,it’sharderforbothsidestostepbackandbreathedeeplyandlookatthegoalstheyshare.
.
4.Everyonesaystheparent-teacherconferenceshouldbepleasant,civilized,akindofdialoguewhereparentsandteachersbuildpartnership.Butwhatmostteachersfeel,andcertainlywhatallparentsfeel,isanxietyandpanic.
.
5.Whenateacherasksparentstobepartners,heorshedoesn’tnecessarilymeanMomorDadshouldbecampingintheclassroom.Researchshowsthatthoughstudentsbenefitmodestlyfromhavingparentsinvolvedatschool,whathappensathomemattersmuchmore.AccordingtoresearchbasedontheNationalEducationLongitudinalStudy,asampleofnearly25,000eighthgraders,amongfourmainareasofparentalinvolvement(homediscussion,homesupervision,schoolcommunication,andschoolparticipation),homediscussionwasthemoststronglyrelatedtoacademicachievement.
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二、概要写作的要点(EssentialsofSummaryWriting)
1.Graspmainpointsandavoidcoveringeverydetail:
Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdelivered;Toomit(省略)unnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation;
2.Sticktotheoriginalandavoidaddingpersonalopinions:
Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic;
3.Useyourownwordsandavoidcopyingtheoriginals:
Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoesinyourownwordsinacondensed(简洁的)manner.
三、Tipsonsummarywriting
While?
reading:
Isthepassageanexposition(说明文),a?
narration(记述文)oranargumentation(议论文)
ArethereanytopicsentencesorkeywordsIfso,underline(划线)themandparaphrase(改述)them.
Whilewriting
:
1)Topicsentences
2)Mainsupportingpoints/evidence
3)About60words
:
1)Touseyourownwords
2)Tobeconcise(简洁明了)--leaveoutthe?
details
--reducetheexamples
--simplifythedescriptions
--eliminateallrepetitions
3)Topresenttheinformationfairly,