托福阅读考试真题1.docx

托福阅读考试真题1.docx

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托福阅读考试真题1

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析

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　　托福阅读原文

　　TheDevelopmentofSteamPower

　　【1】Bytheeighteenthcentury,Britainwasexperiencingasevereshortageofenergy.Becauseofthegrowthofpopulation,mostofthegreatforestsofmedievalBritainhadlongagobeenreplacedbyfieldsofgrainandhay.Woodwasinever-shortersupply,yetitremainedtremendouslyimportant.Itservedastheprimarysourceofheatforallhomesandindustriesandasabasicrawmaterial.Processedwood（charcoal）wasthefuelthatwasmixedwithironoreintheblastfurnacetoproducepigiron（rawiron）.Theironindustry’sappetiteforwoodwasenormous,andby1740theBritishironindustrywasstagnating.VastforestsenabledRussiatobecometheworld’sleadingproducerofiron,muchofwhichwasexportedtoBritain.ButRussia’spotentialforgrowthwaslimitedtoo,andinafewdecadesRussiawouldreachthebarrierofinadequateenergythatwasalreadyholdingEnglandback.

　　【2】Asthisearlyenergycrisisgrewworse,Britainlookedtowarditsabundantandwidelyscatteredreservesofcoalasanalternativetoitsvanishingwood.CoalwasfirstusedinBritaininthelateMiddleAgesasasourceofheat.By1640mosthomesinLondonwereheatedwithit,anditalsoprovidedheatformakingbeer,glass,soap,andotherproducts.Coalwasnotused,however,toproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Itwastherethatcoal’spotentialwadenormous.

　　【3】Asmorecoalwasproduced,minesweredugdeeperanddeeperandwereconstantlyfillingwithwater.Mechanicalpumps,usuallypoweredbyhundredsofhorseswalingincirclesatthesurface,hadtobeinstalledSuchpowerwasexpensiveandbothersome.Inanattempttoovercomethesedisadvantages,ThomasSaveryin1698andThomasNewcomenin1705inventedthefirstprimitivesteamengines.Bothengineswereextremelyinefficient.Bothburnedcoaltoproducesteam,whichwasthenusedtooperateapump.However,bytheearly1770s,manyoftheSaveryenginesandhundredsoftheNewcomenengineswereoperatingsuccessfully,thoughinefficiently,inEnglishandScottishmines.

　　【4】Intheearly1760s,agiftedyoungScotnamedJamesWattwasdrawntoacriticalstudyofthesteamengine.WattwasemployedatthetimebytheUniversityofGlasgowasaskilledcraftsworkermakingscientificinstruments.In1763：

WattwascalledontorepairaNewcomenenginebeingusedinaphysicscourse.Afteraseriesofobservations,WattsawthattheNewcomen’swasteofenergycouldbereducedbyaddingaseparatecondenser.Thissplendidinvention,patentedin1769,greatlyincreasedtheefficiencyofthesteamengine.ThesteamengineofWattandhisfollowerswasthetechnologicaladvancethatgavepeople,atleastforawhile,unlimitedpowerandallowedtheinventionanduseofallkindsofpowerequipment.

　　【5】ThesteamenginewasquicklyputtouseinseveralindustriesinBritain.Itdrainedminesandmadepossibletheproductionofevermorecoaltofeedsteamengineselsewhere.Thesteampowerplantbegantoreplacewaterpowerinthecotton-spinningmillsaswellasotherindustriesduringthe1780s,contributingtoaphenomenalriseinindustrialization.TheBritishironindustrywasradicallytransformed.Theuseofpowerful,steam-drivenbellowsinblastfurnaceshelpedironmakersswitchoverrapidlyfromlimitedcharcoaltounlimitedcoke（whichismadefromcoal）inthesmeltingofpigiron（theprocessofrefiningimpureiron）after1770inthe1780s,HenryCortdevelopedthepuddlingfurnace,whichallowedpigirontoberefinedinturnwithcoke.Cortalsodevelopedheavy-duty,steam-poweredrollingmills,whichwerecapableofproducingfinishedironineveryshapeandform.

　　【6】TheeconomicconsequenceofthesetechnicalinnovationsinsteampowerwasagreatboomintheBritishironindustry.In1740annualBritishironproductionwasonly17：

000tons,butby1844：

withthespreadofcokesmeltingandtheimpactofCort’sinventions,ithadincreasedto3,000：

000tons.Thiswasatrulyamazingexpansion.Oncescarceandexpensive,ironbecamecheap,basic,andindispensabletotheeconomy.

　　托福阅读试题

　　1.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutBritain'sshortsupplyofwoodintheeighteenthcentury?

　　A.WoodfromBritain’sgreatforestswasbeingexportedtoothercountriesforprofit.

　　B.Agrowingpopulationhadrequiredcuttingdownforeststoincreaseavailablelandforfarming.

　　C.Largerfamiliesrequiredtheconstructionoflargerhomesmadefromwood.

　　D.Whatwasleftofthegreatforestsafterthemedievalperiodwasbeingstrictlyprotected.

　　2.SelectTWOanswerchoicesthat,accordingtoparagraph1,aretruestatementsaboutRussia’sironindustryintheeighteenthcentury.Toobtaincredit,youmustselectTWOanswerchoices.

　　A.RussiareacheditsmaximumproductionofironatthesametimeasBritain.

　　B.RussiaexportedmuchofitsironproductiontoBritain.

　　C.Russia’sappetiteforironincreasedrapidlyafter1740.D.Russia’senergyresourceseventuallybecameinsufficientandlimitedthegrowthofitsironindustry.

　　3.Theword"abundant"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　A.reliable

　　B.plentiful

　　C.well-preserved

　　D.existing

　　4.Whyare"beer,glass,soap,andotherproducts"mentionedinthediscussionofBritain’senergy?

　　A.Tohelpexplainwhytheenergycrisiswassosevere

　　B.Toshowthatdespitetheenergycrisisandasearlyas1640,Londonhomeswereadvancedandwellsupplied

　　C.Toemphasizethatafter1640,Britishhomesrequiredenergyformorethanheat

　　D.Toindicatethatcoalhadbeenusedfortheproductionofcertainproductsbeforetheeighteenthcentury

　　5.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingarewaysinwhichtheSaveryandNewcomenenginesweresimilarEXCEPT：

　　A.Bothbecamerelativelyinexpensiveafterthe1770s.

　　B.Bothproducedsteambyburningcoal.

　　C.Bothwereusedtooperatepumps.

　　D.Bothwereveryinefficient.

　　6.Theword"gifted"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　A.independent

　　B.talented

　　C.famous

　　D.ambitious

　　7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatwasJamesWatt’smajorachievement?

　　A.Hewasabletoapplyhisunderstandingofphysicstoinventavarietyofscientificinstrumentsandtoolsforskilledcraftsworkers.

　　B.Hetaughtuniversityphysicscoursestooutstandingstudentswhoseobservationsledtomanypatentedinventions.

　　C.HeimprovedtheefficiencyofNewcomen’senginebypreventingenergyfrombeinglost.

　　D.HeredesignedNewcomen’senginesothatitnolongerneededaseparatecondenser.

　　8.Theword"splendid"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　A.original

　　B.necessary

　　C.magnificent

　　D.popular

　　9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asadevelopmentthatgreatlychangedtheproductionofiron?

　　A.Theuseofcokeinthesmeltingofpigiron

　　B.Theinventionofafurnacethatusedcoketorefineiron

　　C.Thediscoveryofamethodforincreasingtheproductionofcharcoal

　　D.Theinventionofpowerfulmachinerythatcouldshape,form,andfinishiron

　　10.Inparagraph6,whydoestheauthorcompareBritishironproductionin1740withthatof1844?

　　A.TocontrasttheamountsofironneededinBritainintwodifferentcenturies

　　B.ToillustratehoweasyitwastomakemoneyusingCort’sinvention

　　C.TodemonstratethetremendousgrowthoftheironindustryinBritain

　　D.Todemonstratehowinexpensivecoalhadbecome

　　11.Theword"indispensable"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　A.advantageous

　　B.essential

　　C.lesscostly

　　D.highlystimulating

　　12.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthedevelopmentofsteampower?

　　A.Thesteamengine’sbasictechnologycanbetracedbacktomedievalBritainwhensteam-poweredmachinerywasbeingtriedinfarmingactivities.

　　B.AlthoughRussiaandBritaindevelopedsteam-powertechnologysimultaneously,Britainwasfirsttotryitinalarge-scaleindustryduetoagreaterneedforiron.

　　C.Steam-powertechnologywaslargelytheresultofimprovementsdevelopedtoincreasethesupplyofcoalasaprimarysourceofenergy.

　　D.Adaptationstosteamenginesrequiredfortheiruseincotton-spinningmillsledtoradicaldevelopmentsinmachineryusedintheironindustry.

　　13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

EnergyhadnotbeenaproblemforBritaininthepastbecauseitreliedonarichsourceofenergy：

itsvastforests.

　　Bytheeighteenthcentury,Britainwasexperiencingasevereshortageofenergy.■【A】Becauseofthegrowthofpopulation,mostofthegreatforestsofmedievalBritainhadlongagobeenreplacedbyfieldsofgrainandhay.■【B】Woodwasinever-shortersupply,yetitremainedtremendouslyimportant.■【C】Itservedastheprimarysourceofheatforallhomesandindustriesandasabasicrawmaterial.■【D】Processedwood（charcoal）wasthefuelthatwasmixedwithironoreintheblastfurnacetoproducepigiron（rawiron）.Theironindustry’sappetiteforwoodwasenormous,andby1740theBritishironindustrywasstagnating.VastforestsenabledRussiatobecometheworld’sleadingproducerofiron,muchofwhichwasexportedtoBritain.ButRussia’spotentialforgrowthwaslimitedtoo,andinafewdecadesRussiawouldreachthebarrierofinadequateenergythatwasalreadyholdingEnglandback.

　　14.Directions：

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasint