最新托福阅读真题.docx

最新托福阅读真题.docx

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最新托福阅读真题

最新托福阅读真题2020

托福阅读真题1

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Thefirstflyingvertebratesweretruereptilesinwhichoneofthefingersofthefrontlimbsbecameveryelongated,providingsupportforaflapofstretchedskinthatservedasawing.Thesewerethepterosaurs,literallythewingedlizards.TheearliestpterosaursaroseneartheendoftheTriassicperiodoftheMesozoicEra,some70millionyearsbeforethefirstknownfossilsoftruebirdsoccur,andtheypresumablydominatedtheskiesuntiltheywereeventuallydisplacedbybirds.Likethedinosaurs,somethepterosaursbecamegigantic;thelargestfossildiscoveredisofanindividualthathadawingspanof50feetormore,largerthanmanyairplanes.Theseflyingreptileshadlarge,tooth-filledjaws,buttheirbodiesweresmallandprobablywithoutthenecessarypowerfulmusclesforsustainedwingmovement.Theymusthavebeenexpertgliders,notskillfulfliers,relyingonwindpowerfortheirlocomotion.

Birds,despitesharingcommonreptilianancestorswithpterosaurs,evolvedquiteseparatelyandhavebeenmuchmoresuccessfulintheirdominanceoftheair.Theyareanexampleofacommonthemeinevolution,themoreorlessparalleldevelopmentofdifferenttypesofbodystructureandfunctionforthesamereason—inthiscase,forflight.Althoughthefossilrecord,asalways,isnotcompleteenoughtodeterminedefinitivelytheevolutionarylineageofthebirdsorinasmuchdetailasonewouldlike,itisbetterinthiscasethanformanyotheranimalgroups.ThatisbecauseoftheunusualpreservationinalimestonequarryinsouthernGermanyofArchaeopteryx,afossilthatmanyhavecalledthelinkbetweendinosaursandbirds.Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.Theyhavetheskullandteethofareptileaswellasabonytail,butintheline-grainedlimestoneinwhichthesefossilsoccurtherearedelicateimpressionsoffeathersandfinedetailsofbonestructurethatmakeitclearthatArchaeopteryxwasabird.Allbirdslivingtoday,fromthegreatcondorsoftheAndestothetiniestwrens,tracetheiroriginbacktotheMesozoicdinosaurs.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（A）Characteristicsofpterosaurwings

（B）ThediscoveryoffossilremainsofArchaeopteryx

（C）Reasonsfortheextinctionofearlyflyingvertebrates

（D）Thedevelopmentofflightinreptilesandbirds

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueofearlyreptilewings?

（A）Theyevolvedfromstronglimbmuscles.

（B）Theyconsistedofanextensionofskin.

（C）Theyconnectedthefrontandbacklimbs.

（D）Theyrequiredfingersofequallength.

3.Thewordliterallyinline3isclosestinmeaningto

（A）creating

（B）meaning

（C）relatedto

（D）simplified

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbirdswereprobablydominantintheskies

（A）intheearlyTriassicperiod

（B）beforetheappearanceofpterosaurs

（C）afterthedeclineofpterosaurs

（D）beforedinosaurscouldbefoundonland.

5.Theauthormentionsairplanesinline8inorderto

（A）illustratethesizeofwingspansinsomepterosaurs

（B）comparetheenergyneedsofdinosaurswiththoseofmodernmachines

（C）demonstratethedifferencesbetweenmechanizedflightandanimalflight

（D）establishthepracticalapplicationsofthestudyoffossils

6.ThewordTheyinline10refersto

（A）powerfulmuscles

（B）bodies

（C）jaws

（D）flyingreptiles

7.Accordingtothepassage,pterosaurswereprobablynotskillfulfliers（lines10-11）because

（A）oftheirlimitedwingspan

（B）oftheirdisproportionatelylargebodies

（C）theylackedmusclesneededforextendedflight

（D）climateconditionsofthetimeprovidedinsufficientwindpower

8.Inparagraph2,theauthordiscussesthedevelopmentofflightinbirdsasresultingfrom

（A）asimilarityinbodystructuretopterosaurs

（B）anevolutionfrompterosaurs

（C）thedominanceofbirdsandpterosaursoverlandanimals

（D）aseparatebutparalleldevelopmentprocesstothatofpterosaurs

9.Thewordclassifiedinline21isclosestinmeaningto

（A）perfected

（B）replaced

（C）categorized

（D）protected

10.WhichofthefollowinghelpedresearchersdeterminethatArchaeopteryxwasnotadinosaur?

（A）Itstail

（B）Itsteeth

（C）Theshapeofitsskull

（D）Detailsofitsbonestructure

11.WhatisthesignificanceofthediscoverythatwasmadeinsouthernGermany?

（A）Itisthoughttodemonstratethatbirdsevolvedfromdinosaurs.

（B）ItisproofthattheclimateandsoilsofEuropehavechangedovertime.

（C）Itsuggeststhatdinosaursweredominantinareasrichinlimestone.

（D）ItsupportsthetheorythatArchaeopteryxwasapowerfuldinosaur.

托福阅读真题2

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Aviculturists,peoplewhoraisebirdsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearnedhowtosimulatethenaturalincubation