英语写作 第一册.docx

英语写作 第一册.docx

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英语写作第一册

英语写作第一册

使用阶段：

一年级第二学期

教学目的：

学生在学完该册后，能正确理解和掌握英语句子成分与结构以及词汇用法，并能够按照不同要求正确写出英语句子，能改写或缩写课文内容，并能正确写出150个单词左右的短文；能正确书写便条和通知等应用文；能正确运用标点符号。

教学安排：

本册共10个单元。

每周2节课，每两周上一个单元。

教学模式：

第一册融合了国内外先进的写作教学模式，强调写作过程的教学，积极鼓励学生参与课堂教学，培养学生获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。

基本框架：

Part1Warm-upactivities

Part2Focus

Part3Grammar

Part4Writing

Part5Follow-upexercises

Unit1THECORRECTWORD

UnitObjectives

Attheendoftheunityouwillbeableto

1.recognizemultiplemeaningsawordmayhave,i.e.denotativeandconnotativemeanings,affectiveandcollocativemeanings;

2.identifyfalsefriendsinEnglishandlearntochoosethecorrectwordforanidea

3.learntoavoidmakingerrorsinsubject-verbagreement;and

4.writeasimplenote.

Part1Warm-upactivities

FormpairsandeachwriteashortparagraphaboutAIDSandAIDSpatients.

StudentA:

DoyouthinkAIDSisahorribledisease?

Howhorribleisit?

AreyouafraidofAIDSpatients?

Whatdoyouthinkofthem?

Writeashortparagraphtoexpressyourviews.

StudentB:

SupposeyouareanAIDSpatient,doyouthinkthereexistsanydifferencebetweenAIDSandotherfataldiseaseslikecancer?

Doyouthinkyouareathreattopublichealth?

Writeashortparagraphtoexpressyourviews.

PartIIFocus

DenotationandConnotation

Supposeyouaregoingtowriteaboutarespectableteacherwhosebodysizeisabovetheaverage.Choosetheoneyouwouldusefromthesentencesbelow,andthendiscusstheinappropriatenessoftheothertwo:

a.He/Sheisplump.

b.He/Sheisportly.

c.He/Sheisfat.

*

Sotheworks“fat,portlyandplump”donotjustmeanoverweight;theyalsosuggestwhetheritispleasantorunpleasant.Wecallthesuggestedmeaningofaworditsconnotation.

Denotation,ontheotherhand,referstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword—thedefinitionyoufindinadictionary.

Forexample:

Motherdenotesawomanwhoisaparentbutconnotesqualitiessuchasprotectivenessandaffection;andweeddenotesanuncultivatedplantbutconnotesdestructionanduncontrolledgrowth.Whenwewrite,wehavetowatchoutfortheconnotativemeaningofaword;otherwise,wemaymakesillymistakes.

Exercise:

fillinginthetablebelow

Word

Denotation

Connotation

Sentence

Gold

home

eagle

heart

sweater

*

Agoodexampleistheword“gold".Thedenotationofgoldisamalleable,ductile,yellowelement.Theconnotations,however,aretheideasassociatedwithgold,suchasgreed,luxury,oravariceandalsosomethingverygood.Ifyousaythatsomeonehasaheartofgold,youareemphasizingthattheyareverygoodandkindtootherpeople.

Thus'home'denotesthehousewhereonelives,butconnotesprivacyandintimacy.

Theword'eagle'connotesideasoflibertyandfreedomthathavelittletodowiththeword'sliteralmeaning.

Heart:

anorganthatcirculatesbloodthroughoutthebody.Heretheword"heart"denotestheactualorgan,whileonanothercontext,theword"heart"mayconnotefeelingsofloveorheartache.（Myheartisbroken）

Sweater:

aknittedgarmentfortheupperbody.Theword"sweater"maydenotepulloversweater,while"sweater"mayalsoconnotefeelingsofwarmnessorsecurity.

Summary:

Denotationallowsthereadertoknowtheexactmeaningofawordsothatheorshewillbetterunderstandtheworkofliterature.Itistheliteralmeaningofaword.（Literalmeaning）

Connotationsrelatenottoaword'sactualmeaning,ordenotation,butrathertotheideasorqualitiesthatareimpliedbythatword.（impliedmeaning）

Attitude

Inallkindsofwriting,thewordsyouchoosemaydomorethaninform.Theselectionofawordoftenrevealshowyoufeelaboutyoursubject,whetheryouarepleasant,angry,criticaloradmiring.Seeifyoucandetectinthefollowingsentenceshowthewriter’sattitudechangesfromsentencetosentence:

a.Whataslimgirlsheis!

b.Howthinthegirlis!

c.Thegirlissoskinny!

*

Theslimsuggeststhewriter’sapprovalofthegirl’sfigure,whilethewordskinnyisjusttheopposite.Nogirlwillfeelflatteredifsheissaidtobeskinny,asitisnexttoabagofbones!

Sothethreewords,thoughsimilarintheirdenotativemeaning,arediverseinaffectivemeanings—thatis,theyrevealdifferentattitudesofthewriter.

WhenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsuchemotionallyloadedwords-i.e.wordsthatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.

Theaffectivemeaningofthewordisconnectedtoaperson'spersonalemotionsandhowthatwouldinfluencewordchoice.

Practice:

Oneofourfriendsisattractivelythinandgraceful.Issheslenderorskinny?

Youaredescribingsomenursesworkinginahospitalwhoarepleasantandtalkalotinafriendlywaymakingpatentslessnervous.Aretheypleasantandchatty,orpleasantandtalkative?

Themeaningsoftheabovewordsandexpressionsareemotion-loaded.Theyexpressimplicitlythespeakerorwriter’sfeelingsandattitudes.Affectivemeaningreferstothepartofmeaningwhichconveysthespeaker’s/writer’semotionsaboutandattitudestowardsthepersonorthinghe/sheisspeaking/writingabout.

Wordsthathaveaffectivevaluesgenerallyfallintothreecategories:

1.Appreciative（favorable）

Wordsofappreciativeimplicationarepositive,expressingthewriter’sappreciationorattitudeofapproval.

2.Neutral/general

3.Derogatory（unfavorable）

Wordsofderogatoryconnotationsarenegative,suggestingdisapprovingattitudes,contemptorcriticism.

Example:

Childlikevs.childish（appreciativevs.derogative）

resolute,firmvs.stubborn,obstinate,pigheaded（appreciativevs.derogative）

shrewdvs.crafty（appreciativevs.derogative）

tough-mindedvs.ruthless（appreciativevs.derogative）

Practice:

Lookatthefollowingtengroupsofwordsandexpressions.Ineachgroup,wordsandexpressionshavesimilardenotationbutvaryinaffectivevalue.Accordingtotheiraffectivevalues,putthemintothecategoriestheybelongtointhetable.

1）spinster,unmarriedwoman,

2）cocky,proud,arrogant,self-confident

3）prudent,timid,shy,cowardly

4）sly,wise,foxy,clever,

5）tempting,attracting,charming,

6）dismissed,fired

7）salesman,productrepresentative

8）oldage,goldenyears,fossil

9）strong-willed,stubborn,persistent

10）updated,new

1

Appreciative

Neutral

Pejorative

2

Maidenlady

Unmarriedwoman

spinster

3

Self-confident

proud

Cocky,arrogant

4

prudent

Shy,timid

cowardly

5

wise,clever

OfhighIQ

Sly,foxy

6

Charming,attracting

tempting

7

dismissed

fired

8

Productrepresentative

salesman

9

Goldenyears

Oldage

fossil

10

Strong-willed,persistent,

stubborn

WorkinpairsandcompareyourwritingsintheWarm-upactivities.Payspecialattentiontowordsshowingattitudesandthoserichinconnotativemeanings.Correctanymisuse.

Collocation

Fillintheblankswithdoormake.

a.___________somebodyafavor

b.___________somebodygood

c.___________agesture

d.___________evil

f.___________aneffort

Certainwordstendtooccurtogetherregularly.Forexample,whenwedescribecoffee,wecansaystrongcoffeeorweakcoffee,butwhenwedescribesoup,wecannotsaythesoupisstrongorweak;insteadwesaythesoupisthickorthin.Fromthiswecanseecertainnounsareusuallymodifiedbycertainadjectivesandwordsofthesamemeaningarenotinterchangeableinthissituation.Wecallthisfixedcombinationofwordscollocation.

Thereareseveraltypesofcollocation:

Verbplusnoun:

followthefashion

Adjectiveplusnoun:

abrilliantsuccess

Verbplusadverb:

thinkalike

Prepositionplusnoun:

（theanswer）toaquestion

Verbpluspreposition:

thinkof（anidea）

Conclusion:

Learningawordisusuallyisnotonlylearningitsmeaning;italsoincludeslearningwhichwordorwordsitusuallygoeswith,thatis,itscollocations.

ClassroomActivities

Choosethebestmodifiersforthefollowingnounphrases.

1.HespokeEnglishwitha_____Frenchaccent.

A.thick

B.powerful

C.widespread

D.pronounced

2.Hegaveusa_____accountofallthatyouhadachievedoverthere.

A.Ready

B.Bright

C.Colorful

D.Glowing

3.Weneedtofindanewsitewith_________accesstotheEuropeanmotorwaynetwork.

A.ready

B.outright

C.Straight

D.widespread

4.Weneedtotakesome________actionbeforeitistoolate.

A.Acute

B.Decisive

C.Strong

D.Intense

Falsefriends

Falsefriendsarepairsofwordsorphrasesintwolanguagesordialectsthatlookorsoundsimilar,butdifferinmeaning.

ReadthefollowingconversationbetweenAliceandtheRedandWhiteQueensinLewisCarroll’sThroughtheLookingGlassandWhatAliceFoundThere.

“Canyouanswerusefulquestions?

”askedtheRedQueen.“Howisbreadmade?

”

“Iknowthat!

”Alicecriedeagerly.“Youtakesomeflour…”

“Wheredoyoupicktheflower?

”theWhiteQueenasked.“Inagardenorinthehedges?

”

“Well,itisn’tpickedatall,”Aliceexplained,“it’sground…”

“Howmanyacresofground?

”saidtheWhiteQueen.“Youmustn’tleaveoutsomanythings.”

Canyoufindoutthecauseofthemisunderstanding?

Explanation:

Wordslikeflourandflower,ground（pp）andground（n）inthisdialoguearetroublesomeandtheirmisusecaneasilycausemisunderstanding.Wecallpairsofwordssimilarinappearanceorpronunciationbutdifferentinmeaningfalsefriends.

Examples:

Advisevs.advice

Affectvs.effect

Complementvs.compliment

Continuallyvs.continuously

Angelvs.angle

Capitalvs.capitol

Consciousvs.conscience

Practice:

Fillintheblanksbelowwiththerightwordinbrackets,changetheformwherenecessary.

1.Yourfever________（rise,raise）yesterday.

2.Itiseasiertotalkabouta__________（principle,