英语写作 第一册.docx

1、英语写作 第一册英语写作 第一册使用阶段：一年级第二学期教学目的：学生在学完该册后，能正确理解和掌握英语句子成分与结构以及词汇用法，并能够按照不同要求正确写出英语句子，能改写或缩写课文内容，并能正确写出150个单词左右的短文；能正确书写便条和通知等应用文；能正确运用标点符号。教学安排：本册共10个单元。每周2节课，每两周上一个单元。教学模式：第一册融合了国内外先进的写作教学模式，强调写作过程的教学，积极鼓励学生参与课堂教学，培养学生获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。基本框架：Part 1 Warm-up activities Part 2 Focu

2、s Part 3 Grammar Part 4 WritingPart 5 Follow-up exercises Unit 1 THE CORRECT WORDUnit Objectives At the end of the unit you will be able to1. recognize multiple meanings a word may have, i.e. denotative and connotative meanings, affective and collocative meanings;2. identify false friends in English

3、 and learn to choose the correct word for an idea3. learn to avoid making errors in subject-verb agreement; and 4. write a simple note.Part 1 Warm-up activitiesForm pairs and each write a short paragraph about AIDS and AIDS patients. Student A: Do you think AIDS is a horrible disease? How horrible i

4、s it? Are you afraid of AIDS patients? What do you think of them? Write a short paragraph to express your views.Student B: Suppose you are an AIDS patient, do you think there exists any difference between AIDS and other fatal diseases like cancer? Do you think you are a threat to public health? Writ

5、e a short paragraph to express your views.Part II FocusDenotation and ConnotationSuppose you are going to write about a respectable teacher whose body size is above the average. Choose the one you would use from the sentences below, and then discuss the inappropriateness of the other two:a. He/She i

6、s plump.b. He/She is portly.c. He/She is fat.*So the works “fat, portly and plump”do not just mean overweight; they also suggest whether it is pleasant or unpleasant. We call the suggested meaning of a word its connotation. Denotation, on the other hand, refers to the literal and primary meaning of

7、a wordthe definition you find in a dictionary. For example:Mother denotes a woman who is a parent but connotes qualities such as protectiveness and affection; and weed denotes an uncultivated plant but connotes destruction and uncontrolled growth. When we write, we have to watch out for the connotat

8、ive meaning of a word; otherwise, we may make silly mistakes. Exercise: filling in the table belowWord DenotationConnotationSentenceGoldhomeeagleheartsweater*A good example is the word “gold. The denotation of gold is a malleable, ductile, yellow element. The connotations, however, are the ideas ass

9、ociated with gold, such as greed, luxury, or avarice and also something very good. If you say that someone has a heart of gold, you are emphasizing that they are very good and kind to other people.Thus home denotes the house where one lives, but connotes privacy and intimacy. The word eagle connotes

10、 ideas of liberty and freedom that have little to do with the words literal meaning.Heart: an organ that circulates blood throughout the body. Here the word heart denotes the actual organ, while on another context, the word heart may connote feelings of love or heartache. （My heart is broken）Sweater

11、: a knitted garment for the upper body. The word sweater may denote pullover sweater, while sweater may also connote feelings of warmness or security.Summary:Denotation allows the reader to know the exact meaning of a word so that he or she will better understand the work of literature. It is the li

12、teral meaning of a word. (Literal meaning)Connotations relate not to a words actual meaning, or denotation, but rather to the ideas or qualities that are implied by that word. (implied meaning)Attitude In all kinds of writing, the words you choose may do more than inform. The selection of a word oft

13、en reveals how you feel about your subject, whether you are pleasant, angry, critical or admiring. See if you can detect in the following sentences how the writers attitude changes from sentence to sentence:a. What a slim girl she is!b. How thin the girl is!c. The girl is so skinny!*The slim suggest

14、s the writers approval of the girls figure, while the word skinny is just the opposite. No girl will feel flattered if she is said to be skinny, as it is next to a bag of bones! So the three words, though similar in their denotative meaning, are diverse in affective meaningsthat is, they reveal diff

15、erent attitudes of the writer. When we write in English, we have to be careful with such emotionally loaded words-i.e. words that can reveal the writers attitude.The affective meaning of the word is connected to a persons personal emotions and how that would influence word choice.Practice:One of our

16、 friends is attractively thin and graceful. Is she slender or skinny?You are describing some nurses working in a hospital who are pleasant and talk a lot in a friendly way making patents less nervous. Are they pleasant and chatty, or pleasant and talkative?The meanings of the above words and express

17、ions are emotion-loaded. They express implicitly the speaker or writers feelings and attitudes. Affective meaning refers to the part of meaning which conveys the speakers/writers emotions about and attitudes towards the person or thing he/she is speaking/writing about. Words that have affective valu

18、es generally fall into three categories: 1. Appreciative (favorable) Words of appreciative implication are positive, expressing the writers appreciation or attitude of approval. 2. Neutral/general3. Derogatory (unfavorable)Words of derogatory connotations are negative, suggesting disapproving attitu

19、des, contempt or criticism. Example:Childlike vs. childish (appreciative vs. derogative)resolute, firm vs. stubborn, obstinate, pigheaded (appreciative vs. derogative)shrewd vs. crafty (appreciative vs. derogative)tough-minded vs. ruthless (appreciative vs. derogative)Practice:Look at the following

20、ten groups of words and expressions. In each group, words and expressions have similar denotation but vary in affective value. According to their affective values, put them into the categories they belong to in the table.1) spinster, unmarried woman, 2) cocky, proud, arrogant, self-confident3) prude

21、nt, timid, shy, cowardly4) sly, wise, foxy, clever, 5) tempting, attracting, charming, 6) dismissed, fired7) salesman, product representative8) old age, golden years, fossil 9) strong-willed, stubborn, persistent 10) updated, new 1AppreciativeNeutralPejorative2Maiden ladyUnmarried womanspinster3Self

22、-confidentproudCocky, arrogant4prudentShy, timidcowardly5wise, cleverOf high IQSly, foxy6Charming, attractingtempting7dismissedfired8Product representativesalesman9Golden yearsOld agefossil10Strong-willed, persistent,stubbornWork in pairs and compare your writings in the Warm-up activities. Pay spec

23、ial attention to words showing attitudes and those rich in connotative meanings. Correct any misuse. Collocation Fill in the blanks with do or make.a. _ somebody a favor b. _ somebody goodc. _ a gestured. _ evilf. _ an effortCertain words tend to occur together regularly. For example, when we descri

24、be coffee, we can say strong coffee or weak coffee, but when we describe soup, we cannot say the soup is strong or weak; instead we say the soup is thick or thin. From this we can see certain nouns are usually modified by certain adjectives and words of the same meaning are not interchangeable in th

25、is situation. We call this fixed combination of words collocation. There are several types of collocation:Verb plus noun: follow the fashion Adjective plus noun: a brilliant successVerb plus adverb: think alikePreposition plus noun: (the answer) to a questionVerb plus preposition: think of (an idea)

26、Conclusion:Learning a word is usually is not only learning its meaning; it also includes learning which word or words it usually goes with, that is, its collocations. Classroom ActivitiesChoose the best modifiers for the following noun phrases.1. He spoke English with a _ French accent.A. thick B. p

27、owerfulC. widespreadD. pronounced 2. He gave us a _ account of all that you had achieved over there.A. ReadyB. BrightC. ColorfulD. Glowing3. We need to find a new site with _ access to the European motorway network.A. readyB. outrightC. StraightD. widespread 4. We need to take some _ action before i

28、t is too late.A. AcuteB. DecisiveC. StrongD. IntenseFalse friendsFalse friends are pairs of words or phrases in two languages or dialects that look or sound similar, but differ in meaning.Read the following conversation between Alice and the Red and White Queens in Lewis Carrolls Through the Looking

29、 Glass and What Alice Found There.“Can you answer useful questions?” asked the Red Queen. “How is bread made?”“I know that!” Alice cried eagerly. “You take some flour ”“Where do you pick the flower?” the White Queen asked. “In a garden or in the hedges?”“Well, it isnt picked at all,” Alice explained

30、, “its ground ”“How many acres of ground?” said the White Queen. “You mustnt leave out so many things.”Can you find out the cause of the misunderstanding?Explanation:Words like flour and flower, ground(pp) and ground(n) in this dialogue are troublesome and their misuse can easily cause misunderstand

31、ing. We call pairs of words similar in appearance or pronunciation but different in meaning false friends. Examples:Advise vs. adviceAffect vs. effectComplement vs. complimentContinually vs. continuouslyAngel vs. angleCapital vs. capitolConscious vs. consciencePractice:Fill in the blanks below with the right word in brackets, change the form where necessary. 1. Your fever _ (rise, raise) yesterday.2. It is easier to talk about a _ (principle,