发展战略手机火车汉字发展史英文版.docx
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发展战略手机火车汉字发展史英文版
手机火车汉字发展史英文版
手机发展史英文版
Thehistoryofmobilephonesbeginswithearlyeffortstodevelopradiotelephonetechnologyandfromtwo-wayradiosinvehiclesandcontinuesthroughemergenceofmodernmobilephonesandassociatedservices.
RadiophoneshavealongandvariedhistorygoingbacktoReginaldFessenden'sinventionandshore-to-shipdemonstrationofradiotelephony,throughtheSecondWorldWarwithmilitaryuseofradiotelephonylinksandcivilservicesinthe1950s,whilehand-heldmobileradiodeviceshavebeenavailablesince1973.Mobilephonehistoryisoftendividedintogenerations(first,second,thirdandsoon)tomarksignificantstepchangesincapabilitiesasthetechnologyimprovedovertheyears.
Contents[hide]
1Pioneersofradiotelephony
2Emergenceofcommercialmobilephoneservices
3Firstgeneration:
Cellularnetworks
4Secondgeneration:
Digitalnetworks
5Thirdgeneration:
HighspeedIPdatanetworks
6Growthofmobilebroadbandandtheemergenceof4G
7Patents
8Seealso
9Notes
10References
11Externallinks
[edit]Pioneersofradiotelephony
In1908,U.S.Patent887,357forawirelesstelephonewasissuedtoNathanB.StubblefieldofMurray,Kentucky.Heappliedthispatentto"caveradio"telephonesandnotdirectlytocellulartelephonyasthetermiscurrentlyunderstood.[1]
In1910LarsMagnusEricssoninstalledatelephoneinhiscar,althoughthiswasnotaradiotelephone.Whiletravellingacrossthecountry,hewouldstopataplacewheretelephonelineswereaccessibleandusingapairoflongelectricwireshecouldconnecttothenationaltelephonenetwork.[2]
InEurope,radiotelephonywasfirstusedonthefirst-classpassengertrainsbetweenBerlinandHamburgin1926.Atthesametime,radiotelephonywasintroducedonpassengerairplanesforairtrafficsecurity.LaterradiotelephonywasintroducedonalargescaleinGermantanksduringtheSecondWorldWar.AfterthewarGermanpoliceintheBritishzoneofoccupationfirstuseddisusedtanktelephonyequipmenttorunthefirstradiopatrolcars.[citationneeded]Inallofthesecasestheservicewasconfinedtospecialiststhatweretrainedtousetheequipment.Intheearly1950sshipsontheRhinewereamongthefirsttouseradiotelephonywithanuntrainedendcustomerasauser.
Two-wayradios(knownasmobilerigs)wereusedinvehiclessuchastaxicabs,policecruisers,andambulances,butwerenotmobilephonesbecausetheywerenotnormallyconnectedtothetelephonenetwork.Userscouldnotdialphonenumbersfromtheirvehicles.Alargecommunityofmobileradiousers,knownasthemobileers,popularizedthetechnologythatwouldeventuallygivewaytothemobilephone.Originally,mobiletwo-wayradioswerepermanentlyinstalledinvehicles,butlaterversionssuchastheso-calledtransportablesor"bagphones"wereequippedwithacigarettelighterplugsothattheycouldalsobecarried,andthuscouldbeusedaseithermobileorasportabletwo-wayradios.Duringtheearly1940s,Motoroladevelopedabackpackedtwo-wayradio,theWalkie-Talkieandlaterdevelopedalargehand-heldtwo-wayradiofortheUSmilitary.Thisbatterypowered"Handie-Talkie"(HT)wasaboutthesizeofaman'sforearm.
In1946sovietengineersG.ShapiroandI.Zaharchenkosuccessfullytestedtheirversionofaradiomobilephonemountedinsideacar.Thedevicecouldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkwitharangeofupto20kilometers.
TopofcellulartelephonetowerInDecember1947,DouglasH.RingandW.RaeYoung,BellLabsengineers,proposedhexagonalcellsformobilephonesinvehicles.[3]PhilipT.Porter,alsoofBellLabs,proposedthatthecelltowersbeatthecornersofthehexagonsratherthanthecentersandhavedirectionalantennasthatwouldtransmit/receiveinthreedirections(seepictureatright)intothreeadjacenthexagoncells.[4]Thetechnologydidnotexistthenandthefrequencieshadnotyetbeenallocated.Cellulartechnologywasundevelopeduntilthe1960s,whenRichardH.FrenkielandJoelS.EngelofBellLabsdevelopedtheelectronics.
Duringthe1950stheexperimentsofthepioneersstartedtoappearasusableservicesacrosssociety,bothcommerciallyandculturally.Inthe1954movieSabrina,thebusinessmanLinusLarrabee(playedbyHumphreyBogart)makesacallfromthephoneinthebackofhislimousine.
In1957youngSovietradioengineerLeonidKupriyanovichfromMoscowcreatedtheportablemobilephone,namedafterhimselfasLK-1or"radiophone".[5]Thistruemobilephoneconsistedofarelativelysmall-sizedhandsetequippedwithanantennaandrotarydial,andcommunicatedwithabasestation.Kupriyanovich's"radiophone"had3kilogramoftotalweight,couldoperateupto20or30kilometers,andhad20or30hoursofbatterylifespan.LK-1anditslayoutwasdepictedinpopularSovietmagazinesasNaukaizhizn,8,1957,p.49,Yuniytechnik,7,1957,p.43–44.EngineerKupriyanovichpatentedhismobilephoneinthesameyear1957(author'scertificate(USSRPatent)#115494,1.11.1957).ThebasestationofLK-1(calledATR,orAutomatedTelephoneRadiostation)couldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkandserveseveralcustomers.
In1958,Kupriyanovichresizedhis"radiophone"to"pocket"version.Theweightofimproved"light"handsetwasabout500grams.
In1967,eachmobilephonehadtostaywithinthecellareaservicedbyonebasestationthroughoutthephonecall.Thisdidnotprovidecontinuityofautomatictelephoneservicetomobilephonesmovingthroughseveralcellareas.
In1969,apatentforawirelessphoneusinganacousticcouplerforincomingcallswasissuedinUSPatentNumber3,449,750toGeorgeSweigertofEuclid,OhioonJune10,1969.Dialinganumberforoutgoingcallswasnotprovided.
Theconceptsoffrequencyreuseandhandoff,aswellasanumberofotherconceptsthatformedthebasisofmoderncellphonetechnology,weredescribedinthe1970s.In1970AmosE.Joel,Jr.,anotherBellLabsengineer,[6]inventedanautomatic"callhandoff"systemtoallowmobilephonestomovethroughseveralcellareasduringasingleconversationwithoutlossofconversation.AlsoFluhrandNussbaum,[7]Hachenburgetal.[8],andU.S.Patent4,152,647,issuedMay1,1979toCharlesA.GladdenandMartinH.Parelman,bothofLasVegas,NevadaandassignedbythemtotheUnitedStatesGovernment.
汉字发展史英文版
Inthelast50orsoyears,inscriptionshavebeenfoundonpotteryinavarietyoflocationsinChinasuchasBànpōnearXī'ān,aswellasonboneandbonemarrowsatHualouzi,Chang'anCountynearXi'an.Thesesimple,oftengeometricmarkshavebeenfrequentlycomparedtosomeoftheearliestknownChinesecharacters,ontheoraclebones,andsomehavetakenthemtomeanthatthehistoryofChinesewritingextendsbackoversixmillennia.
However,becausethesemarksoccursingly,withoutanycontexttoimply,andbecausetheyaregenerallyextremelycrudeandsimple,QiúXīguī(2000,p.31)concludedthat"wedonothaveanybasisforstatingthattheseconstitutedwriting,noristherereasontoconcludethattheywereancestraltoShangdynastyChinesecharacters."Isolatedgraphsandpicturescontinuetobefoundperiodically,frequentlyaccompaniedbymediareportspushingbackthepurportedbeginningsofChinesewritingafewthousandyears.Forexample,atDamaidiinNingxia,3,172pictorialcliffcarvingsdatingto6000–5000BChavebeendiscovered,leadingtoheadlinessuchas"Chinesewriting'8,000yearsold.'"[6]Similarly,archaeologistsreportfindingafewinscribedsymbolsontortoiseshellsattheNeolithicsiteofJiahuinHenan,datedtoaround6,600–6,200BCE,leadingtoheadlinesof"'Earliestwriting'foundinChina.[7]
InhiscommentreleasedtotheBBC,ProfessorDavidKeightleyurgedcautioninthelatterinstance,pointingtothelackofanydirectculturalconnectiontoShāngculture,combinedwithgapsbetweenthemofmanymillennia.However,inthesameBBCarticle,asupportingargumentisprovidedbyDrGarmanHarbottle,oftheBrookhavenNationalLaboratoryinNewYork,US,whocollaboratedwithateamofarchaeologistsattheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,inAnhuiprovinceinthediscovery.DrHarbottlepointstothepersistenceofsignuseatdifferentsitesalongtheYellowRiverthroughouttheNeolithicanduptotheShāngperiod,whenacomplexwritingsystemappears.[7]
OnegroupofsitesofinterestistheDàwènkǒuculturesites(2800–2500BCE,onlyonemillenniumearlierthantheearlyShāngculturesites,andpositionedsoastobeplausiblyalbeitindirectlyancestraltotheShāng).There,afewinscribedpotteryandjadepieceshavebeenfound,[8]oneofwhichcombinespictorialelements(resembling,accordingtosome,asun,moonorclouds,andfireoramountain)inastackwhichbringstomindthecompoundingofelementsinChinesecharacters.Majorscholarsaredividedintheirinterpretationofsuchinscribedsymbols.Some,suchasYúXǐngwú,[9]TángLán[10]andLǐXuéqín,[11]haveidentifiedthesewithspecificChinesecharacters.OtherssuchasWangNingsheng[12]interpretthemaspictorialsymbolssuchasclaninsignia,ratherthanwriting.ButintheviewofWangNingsheng,"Truewritingbeginswhenitrepresentssoundsandconsistsofsymbolsthatareabletorecordlanguage.Thefewisolatedfiguresfoundonpotterystillcannotsubstantiatethispoint."[13]
火车发展史的英文介绍+汉译
ChinaRailwaybeganinthelateQingDynasty.However,theQinggovernmentcorruption,conservative,authoritarian,butregulationofancestorsfrom,refusedtoacceptnewthings.Theybuiltrailways,theapplicationofsteamasa"淫巧oftenassociatedwith",thatwillrepairtherailway"Ilostdangers,harmITinHouse,hinderedmyfengshui",which