发展战略手机火车汉字发展史英文版.docx

发展战略手机火车汉字发展史英文版.docx

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发展战略手机火车汉字发展史英文版

手机火车汉字发展史英文版

手机发展史英文版

Thehistoryofmobilephonesbeginswithearlyeffortstodevelopradiotelephonetechnologyandfromtwo-wayradiosinvehiclesandcontinuesthroughemergenceofmodernmobilephonesandassociatedservices.

RadiophoneshavealongandvariedhistorygoingbacktoReginaldFessenden'sinventionandshore-to-shipdemonstrationofradiotelephony,throughtheSecondWorldWarwithmilitaryuseofradiotelephonylinksandcivilservicesinthe1950s,whilehand-heldmobileradiodeviceshavebeenavailablesince1973.Mobilephonehistoryisoftendividedintogenerations（first,second,thirdandsoon）tomarksignificantstepchangesincapabilitiesasthetechnologyimprovedovertheyears.

Contents[hide]

1Pioneersofradiotelephony

2Emergenceofcommercialmobilephoneservices

3Firstgeneration:

Cellularnetworks

4Secondgeneration:

Digitalnetworks

5Thirdgeneration:

HighspeedIPdatanetworks

6Growthofmobilebroadbandandtheemergenceof4G

7Patents

8Seealso

9Notes

10References

11Externallinks

[edit]Pioneersofradiotelephony

In1908,U.S.Patent887,357forawirelesstelephonewasissuedtoNathanB.StubblefieldofMurray,Kentucky.Heappliedthispatentto"caveradio"telephonesandnotdirectlytocellulartelephonyasthetermiscurrentlyunderstood.[1]

In1910LarsMagnusEricssoninstalledatelephoneinhiscar,althoughthiswasnotaradiotelephone.Whiletravellingacrossthecountry,hewouldstopataplacewheretelephonelineswereaccessibleandusingapairoflongelectricwireshecouldconnecttothenationaltelephonenetwork.[2]

InEurope,radiotelephonywasfirstusedonthefirst-classpassengertrainsbetweenBerlinandHamburgin1926.Atthesametime,radiotelephonywasintroducedonpassengerairplanesforairtrafficsecurity.LaterradiotelephonywasintroducedonalargescaleinGermantanksduringtheSecondWorldWar.AfterthewarGermanpoliceintheBritishzoneofoccupationfirstuseddisusedtanktelephonyequipmenttorunthefirstradiopatrolcars.[citationneeded]Inallofthesecasestheservicewasconfinedtospecialiststhatweretrainedtousetheequipment.Intheearly1950sshipsontheRhinewereamongthefirsttouseradiotelephonywithanuntrainedendcustomerasauser.

Two-wayradios（knownasmobilerigs）wereusedinvehiclessuchastaxicabs,policecruisers,andambulances,butwerenotmobilephonesbecausetheywerenotnormallyconnectedtothetelephonenetwork.Userscouldnotdialphonenumbersfromtheirvehicles.Alargecommunityofmobileradiousers,knownasthemobileers,popularizedthetechnologythatwouldeventuallygivewaytothemobilephone.Originally,mobiletwo-wayradioswerepermanentlyinstalledinvehicles,butlaterversionssuchastheso-calledtransportablesor"bagphones"wereequippedwithacigarettelighterplugsothattheycouldalsobecarried,andthuscouldbeusedaseithermobileorasportabletwo-wayradios.Duringtheearly1940s,Motoroladevelopedabackpackedtwo-wayradio,theWalkie-Talkieandlaterdevelopedalargehand-heldtwo-wayradiofortheUSmilitary.Thisbatterypowered"Handie-Talkie"（HT）wasaboutthesizeofaman'sforearm.

In1946sovietengineersG.ShapiroandI.Zaharchenkosuccessfullytestedtheirversionofaradiomobilephonemountedinsideacar.Thedevicecouldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkwitharangeofupto20kilometers.

TopofcellulartelephonetowerInDecember1947,DouglasH.RingandW.RaeYoung,BellLabsengineers,proposedhexagonalcellsformobilephonesinvehicles.[3]PhilipT.Porter,alsoofBellLabs,proposedthatthecelltowersbeatthecornersofthehexagonsratherthanthecentersandhavedirectionalantennasthatwouldtransmit/receiveinthreedirections（seepictureatright）intothreeadjacenthexagoncells.[4]Thetechnologydidnotexistthenandthefrequencieshadnotyetbeenallocated.Cellulartechnologywasundevelopeduntilthe1960s,whenRichardH.FrenkielandJoelS.EngelofBellLabsdevelopedtheelectronics.

Duringthe1950stheexperimentsofthepioneersstartedtoappearasusableservicesacrosssociety,bothcommerciallyandculturally.Inthe1954movieSabrina,thebusinessmanLinusLarrabee（playedbyHumphreyBogart）makesacallfromthephoneinthebackofhislimousine.

In1957youngSovietradioengineerLeonidKupriyanovichfromMoscowcreatedtheportablemobilephone,namedafterhimselfasLK-1or"radiophone".[5]Thistruemobilephoneconsistedofarelativelysmall-sizedhandsetequippedwithanantennaandrotarydial,andcommunicatedwithabasestation.Kupriyanovich's"radiophone"had3kilogramoftotalweight,couldoperateupto20or30kilometers,andhad20or30hoursofbatterylifespan.LK-1anditslayoutwasdepictedinpopularSovietmagazinesasNaukaizhizn,8,1957,p.49,Yuniytechnik,7,1957,p.43–44.EngineerKupriyanovichpatentedhismobilephoneinthesameyear1957（author'scertificate（USSRPatent）#115494,1.11.1957）.ThebasestationofLK-1（calledATR,orAutomatedTelephoneRadiostation）couldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkandserveseveralcustomers.

In1958,Kupriyanovichresizedhis"radiophone"to"pocket"version.Theweightofimproved"light"handsetwasabout500grams.

In1967,eachmobilephonehadtostaywithinthecellareaservicedbyonebasestationthroughoutthephonecall.Thisdidnotprovidecontinuityofautomatictelephoneservicetomobilephonesmovingthroughseveralcellareas.

In1969,apatentforawirelessphoneusinganacousticcouplerforincomingcallswasissuedinUSPatentNumber3,449,750toGeorgeSweigertofEuclid,OhioonJune10,1969.Dialinganumberforoutgoingcallswasnotprovided.

Theconceptsoffrequencyreuseandhandoff,aswellasanumberofotherconceptsthatformedthebasisofmoderncellphonetechnology,weredescribedinthe1970s.In1970AmosE.Joel,Jr.,anotherBellLabsengineer,[6]inventedanautomatic"callhandoff"systemtoallowmobilephonestomovethroughseveralcellareasduringasingleconversationwithoutlossofconversation.AlsoFluhrandNussbaum,[7]Hachenburgetal.[8],andU.S.Patent4,152,647,issuedMay1,1979toCharlesA.GladdenandMartinH.Parelman,bothofLasVegas,NevadaandassignedbythemtotheUnitedStatesGovernment.

汉字发展史英文版

Inthelast50orsoyears,inscriptionshavebeenfoundonpotteryinavarietyoflocationsinChinasuchasBànpōnearXī'ān,aswellasonboneandbonemarrowsatHualouzi,Chang'anCountynearXi'an.Thesesimple,oftengeometricmarkshavebeenfrequentlycomparedtosomeoftheearliestknownChinesecharacters,ontheoraclebones,andsomehavetakenthemtomeanthatthehistoryofChinesewritingextendsbackoversixmillennia.

However,becausethesemarksoccursingly,withoutanycontexttoimply,andbecausetheyaregenerallyextremelycrudeandsimple,QiúXīguī（2000,p.31）concludedthat"wedonothaveanybasisforstatingthattheseconstitutedwriting,noristherereasontoconcludethattheywereancestraltoShangdynastyChinesecharacters."Isolatedgraphsandpicturescontinuetobefoundperiodically,frequentlyaccompaniedbymediareportspushingbackthepurportedbeginningsofChinesewritingafewthousandyears.Forexample,atDamaidiinNingxia,3,172pictorialcliffcarvingsdatingto6000–5000BChavebeendiscovered,leadingtoheadlinessuchas"Chinesewriting'8,000yearsold.'"[6]Similarly,archaeologistsreportfindingafewinscribedsymbolsontortoiseshellsattheNeolithicsiteofJiahuinHenan,datedtoaround6,600–6,200BCE,leadingtoheadlinesof"'Earliestwriting'foundinChina.[7]

InhiscommentreleasedtotheBBC,ProfessorDavidKeightleyurgedcautioninthelatterinstance,pointingtothelackofanydirectculturalconnectiontoShāngculture,combinedwithgapsbetweenthemofmanymillennia.However,inthesameBBCarticle,asupportingargumentisprovidedbyDrGarmanHarbottle,oftheBrookhavenNationalLaboratoryinNewYork,US,whocollaboratedwithateamofarchaeologistsattheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,inAnhuiprovinceinthediscovery.DrHarbottlepointstothepersistenceofsignuseatdifferentsitesalongtheYellowRiverthroughouttheNeolithicanduptotheShāngperiod,whenacomplexwritingsystemappears.[7]

OnegroupofsitesofinterestistheDàwènkǒuculturesites（2800–2500BCE,onlyonemillenniumearlierthantheearlyShāngculturesites,andpositionedsoastobeplausiblyalbeitindirectlyancestraltotheShāng）.There,afewinscribedpotteryandjadepieceshavebeenfound,[8]oneofwhichcombinespictorialelements（resembling,accordingtosome,asun,moonorclouds,andfireoramountain）inastackwhichbringstomindthecompoundingofelementsinChinesecharacters.Majorscholarsaredividedintheirinterpretationofsuchinscribedsymbols.Some,suchasYúXǐngwú,[9]TángLán[10]andLǐXuéqín,[11]haveidentifiedthesewithspecificChinesecharacters.OtherssuchasWangNingsheng[12]interpretthemaspictorialsymbolssuchasclaninsignia,ratherthanwriting.ButintheviewofWangNingsheng,"Truewritingbeginswhenitrepresentssoundsandconsistsofsymbolsthatareabletorecordlanguage.Thefewisolatedfiguresfoundonpotterystillcannotsubstantiatethispoint."[13]

火车发展史的英文介绍+汉译

ChinaRailwaybeganinthelateQingDynasty.However,theQinggovernmentcorruption,conservative,authoritarian,butregulationofancestorsfrom,refusedtoacceptnewthings.Theybuiltrailways,theapplicationofsteamasa"淫巧oftenassociatedwith",thatwillrepairtherailway"Ilostdangers,harmITinHouse,hinderedmyfengshui",which