初中英语知识点总结谓语动词和主语的一致.docx
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初中英语知识点总结谓语动词和主语的一致
初中英语知识点总结:
谓语动词和主语的一致
谓语动词和主语的一致
有些谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,特别是动词为现在时态时。
在一般现在时中,若主语为第三人称单数,多数动词都要加-s或-es,如:
Hecomes.Marycries。
如果主语不是第三人称单数,就不需加这样的词尾,如:
Icome.
Theycry.而且,不管是作主要动词还是助动词,在第三人称单数的主语后都得用is,has,does这种形式,否则用are,am,have或do。
至于can,may,must这些助动词,在各种人称后形式不变:
He(orShe,It,Myfriend)comes(orsees,goes).
He(orShe,It,Myfriend)iswaiting,hascome,doesgo,(is,has,does作助动词)iskind,hasafunnyface,doesnothingatall.(is,has,does作主要动词)
I(orwe,You,They,Myfriends)come(orsee,go).
Iamwaiting,havecome,dogo.We(orYou,They,Myfriends)arewaiting,havecome,dogo.(am,are,have,do作助动词)
Iamsorry.Theyarekind,havefunnyfaces,donothingatall.(am,are,have,do作主要动词)
任何主语+must(orcan,may,oughtto,neednot,darenot)come(orsee,go).
过去时可和住何主语一起用,只有was和were是例外。
was和第一第三人称单数主语一起用,其他主语都和were一起用,如:
Hewasill.Iwasill.Theywereill.
在将来时中主要是用shall或will,不需加词尾,如:
They(orJohnandMary)willcome,shallcome.
He(orIt)willcome,shallcome.
判断主语的人称不难,但判断它的数有时却并不容易。
至少有39种有关数上一致的问题,它们可以分为两大类。
第一大类是哪个是主语的问题。
在这类中,决定哪个词或词组是主语比决定某个主语是单数还是复数更困难。
以下面句子为例:
Thestudents,aswellastheteacher,are(oris?
)intheclass-room.(在决定用are还是is以前,首先得决定students和teacher哪是主语,还是两者都是主语。
)
Myguideis(orare?
)thestars.(是guide还是stars是真正的主语?
)
第二大类是主语是单数还是复数的问题。
在这类中,决定主语是单数还是复数比决定哪个是主语更困难:
Billiards(单数还是复数?
)is(orare?
)myfavoritegame.
Thephenomena(单数还是复数?
)is(orare?
)unbelievable.
Theheadquarters(单数还是复数?
)is(orare?
)inLondon.
1)第一大类:
哪个是主语?
谓语动词通常跟在主语后面,但有时却放在主语前面,特别是在由who,which,how,when等疑问词或助动词引起的问句中:
Whoarethey?
Whichdoesshelikebest?
HasyourwifecomebackfromParis?
Aretheguestscelebratingherbirthday?
在某些倒装句中,谓语动词有时放在主语前面:
Ifyouarenotsatisfied,norisPeter.
NeverinmylifehaveIforgother.NobodyelsecanIlove.
HardlyhasLizwokenupwhenthesunrises.
“Ifeelbored.”“Soisevrybody.”
在下面这类倒装句中情况也如此。
Therecomemanychildren.
Beforethehousestandsatree.
Beforethehousestandatreeandabench(twothings).
Inthehousethereisacat,(thereis)adog,and(thereare)threebirds.(后面的thereis,thereare多省略,在acat前用is是对的。
)
ToDickfallthedutiesofmaintainingthefamily.
AfterJancomesNora.
Here'sallthecoinsIhave.(在口语中here's和there's和where's后可跟一复数名词)
There'sthreefriendswaitingforme.
Where'sthekidsthatstoletheapples?
在下面这类句子中,补语或分词提前,主语在is,was,are,were之后:
Goneareallmyhappydays!
Waitingfortheresultsarethousandsofpeople.Gatheredundertheroofwereallthebigshots.
两个单数名词由and连接可构成复数主语:
JohnandMary(=Twopersons)arecoming.
(但:
JohniscomingandMaryiscoming,too.)
Mymoneyandmyfriendarebothgone.
Goodcoffeeandbadaredifferentfromeachother.
两个人称代词由and连接也构成复数主语:
HeandI(=We)arefriends.
Bothyouandhe(=Bothofyou)areill.
由every,any等词修饰的几个主语,尽管由and连接,仍然保持是单数:
Everyboyandeverygirlisplaying.
Anyrelative,anyfriendandanyneighbourisreadytohelphim.
Eachgrown-upandeachchildlikesit.
Nocity,novillage,nomountain,(and)noseaisaplaceofsafety.
Manyamanandmanyawomanhasseentheaccident.
两个名词前各加同一限定词,表示是两个人或两样东西,谓语动词要用复数:
Ageneralandastatesman(twopersons)werekilled.
Hishomeandhisofficeareveryfarfrommyhome.
Ablackandawhitedogareplayingintheyard.
一个不可数名词,如有两个形容词修饰,而指两样东西,动词用复数;否则用单数:
EnglishandFrenchgrammararedifferent.
Sweetandsourporkisdelicious.
如果主体词重复,表示是两样东西,动词要用单数:
Thesituationbeforethewarandthesituationafterarediffer-ent.
Whathesaidandwhathethoughtwerethesame.
如作主语的两个名词用同一限定词,指的是一个人或一样东西,动词要用单数:
Ageneralandstatesman(oneperson)waskilled.
Hishomeandoffice(oneplace)isveryfarfrommyhouse.
Ablackandwhitedog(onedog)isplaying.
Whathesaidandthoughtwasforothers.
有时两个名词虽由and连接,但习惯上被看作是一样东西,这时动词也用单数:
Breadandbutterisenoughforme.
Whiskyandsodaishisfavourite.
Duckandpeasisdelicious,buteggsandbaconisbetter.
Thatcupandsaucerisbroken.
Thewheelandaxleisoutofrepair.
Aneedleandthreadisallmygrandmotherneeds.
RomeoandJulietisatragedy.
两个抽象名词一起用时,有时代表两个东西,有时代表一个东西,动词的单复数要根据意思来决定,有时两者都可以(看我们如何考虑):
Theuseandobjectofthisare(oris)simple.
Thestitchingandbindingofbooksare(oris)ahardjob.
Hiscourageandenduranceare(oris)Great.
Sympathyandunderstandingare(oris)required.
Trialanderror(通常看作一个概念)isthebestwaytolearn.
AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.
Theebbandflowofone'sfortuneisamatterofcourse.
有时一个主语后跟一逗号,以及“and+名词+副词”,后面的动词就常和第一个名词一致。
“and+名词+副词”可以看作一个省略的分句:
Mary,andherparentstoo(oralso,likewise,aswell),isfondofJohn.(=MaryisfondofJohn,andherparentsarefondofJohn,too.)
Mary,andperhaps(orparticularly,even,certainly)herparents,isfondofJohn.(and+副词+名词)
Mary,butnotherparents,isfondofJohn.
Mary'sparents,butnotMaryherself,arefondofJohn.(在跟有not时,可以用but代替and。
)
单纯数词一般看作单数,如果有两个数词由and或time或其它词连接,动词可以用单数或复数形式:
Thirteenisanunluckynumber.
Twoandtwomake(ormakes)four.
Eightplusfiveequalsthirteen.(书面体)
Threefivesare(oris)fifteen.(口语体)
Threetimesfiveare(oris)fifteen.
Whatare(oris)twiceseven?
40multipliedby58equals2320.(书面体)
Fivefromnine(orNinetakeawayfive)is(orleaves)four.(口语体)
Sixhundredandoneminusfortyequalsfivehundredandsix-ty-one.(书面体)
Threeintotwelvegoesfour.(口语体)
Twohundredfiftydividedbyfiftyequalsfive.(书面体)如果数词表示复数的人或东西,动词也用复数形式:
Five(=FivePersons)werekilled.
Oneandahalf…为复数,而halfa…为单数:
Oneandahalfdollarswerespentonsugar,andhalfadollarwasSpentonflour.
Afineand/orimprisonmentis(orare)notenough.
如果两个主语由or或nor连接,动词与最靠近的主语一致:
EitheryouorIamright.
NeitherAlicenorherparentslikeMike.
Oneortwowordsareenough.(但是Awordortwoise-nough.)
Thereisoneortwoexamples.
Wangorratherhisbrothersdecidethematter.
但:
Lifeor(=and)deatharenothingtome.
WhetherJohnorMaryarewillingtohelpmeisstillaproblem.
两个主语若由notonly…butalso…连接起来,动词和最近的主语一致:
Notonlymyhouse,butmanyotherhouseshavebeenwhite-washed.
(但最好说:
Notonlymyhousehasbeenwhitewashed,butmanyotherhouses,too.)
NotonlyMary'sparents,butalsoMaryherselflikesMike.
ThereisnotonlyMary,butalsoMary'sparents.
如果主语后跟有介词短语、连词短语或是分词短语,动词仍与主语一致,不受中间插入成分的影响(注意主语后及短语后的逗号):
Twogirls,besides(介词)Mary,arestudyingMalay.
Allmysisters,exceptLilian,studyflower-arranging.
Thestreet,withsomanypeoplegoingupanddown,isdirty.
Lee,togetherwith(介词短语)histhreebrothers,hascometoourparty.
Thehorses,alongwiththeirowner,fallintotheriver.
Thisproblem,inadditiontotheothertwo,makemesad.
You,aswellas(连词短语)he,aremistaken.
Thestudents,muchmorethantheteacher,wishforaholi-day.
Theteacher,asmuchasthestudents,wishesforaholiday.
Wang'sfriends,nolessthanWanghimself,wishforhissuc-cess.
Oneapple,divided(分词短语)bysixchildren,isathingunpleasant.
Themanager,accompaniedbyhisassistants,hasgoneout.
Myschoolmates,includingJohn,arekindtome.
Allthemembers,notexceptingthechairman,arearrived.
上面那种插在主语和谓语动词之间的成分,也可移到句首,意思是差不多的:
BesidesMary,threestudentsarestudyingMalay.
Inadditiontotheothertwo,thisproblemmakesmesad.
NolessthanWanghimself,Wang'sfriendswishforhissuc-cess.
Accompaniedbyhisassistants,themanagerhasgoneout.
主语后面有时跟有of或其他介词时,动词仍和主语一致:
Oneoftheboysissick.
Themeetingofsomanystrangersbroadenshisview.
Acleanupofsuchagovernmentisabsolutelynecessary.
Thelossofhisparentswastoomuchforhim.
Atruckloadoforangescostsaboutathousanddollars.
Twospoonsofsugararejustenough.
Twobottlesofwhiskyarenothingtohim.
Onlyfivebagsofriceareinstock.
Sixcasesofcholeraarereported.
Signsofrevoltareincreasingeveryday.
Thiskind(orsort,type,class,species,breed,variety)ofcatisrare.
Thesekinds(orsorts,…)offlowersarerare.(口语体)
Flowersofthiskind(orsort,…)arerare.(书面体)
Oneofthestudents,whospeakslrish,isherson.
Oneofthestudentswhospeaklrishisherson.
Morechildrenthanoneareinfected.
Nobodybutfiveworkersispromoted.
SuchpeopleasJohnarewonderful.
Thenumberofbanksinthiscityisaboutforty.(但:
Anum-berofbanksarecloseddown.动词和这类数词短语后的名词一致)
Theaverageofabsenteesisfourineachmeeting.(但:
Anaverageoffourpersonsareabsentineachmeeting.)
Thetotalofmurdersinthisyearisovertwohundred.(但:
Atotaloftwohundredmurdersarecommittedthisyear.)
后面跟复数动词的短语有:
amajorityofpeople,avarietyofreasons,arainofbullets,astormofstones,afloodofre-sources,aseaoffaces,atrickleoftourists,amountainofwatermelons等等。
系动词一般都和前面的主语一致,而不受后面补语的影响:
Myonlypleasureisthemovies.
Themoviesaremyonlypleasure.
Thosestarsaremyonlyguide.
Myonlyguideisthosestars.
Hisfoodisfruitandmilk.
Fruitandmilkarehisfood.
Dogsareapleasanttrouble.
Weareafootballteam.
主语后的同位语和补语一样都不影响动词的形式:
Themovies,myonlypleasure,arealsomyruin.
Thosestars,myonlyguide,aretwinklingallthenight.
Hisfood,fruitandmilkisdeliciousandnutritious.
Theybecomemaster(ormistress)ofthesituation(ortheEng-lishlanguage).
Manyfallvictim.
Theyseemtobeourenemy.
Theya