初中英语知识点总结谓语动词和主语的一致.docx

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初中英语知识点总结谓语动词和主语的一致.docx

初中英语知识点总结谓语动词和主语的一致

初中英语知识点总结:

谓语动词和主语的一致

  谓语动词和主语的一致

  有些谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,特别是动词为现在时态时。

在一般现在时中,若主语为第三人称单数,多数动词都要加-s或-es,如:

Hecomes.Marycries。

如果主语不是第三人称单数,就不需加这样的词尾,如:

Icome.

  Theycry.而且,不管是作主要动词还是助动词,在第三人称单数的主语后都得用is,has,does这种形式,否则用are,am,have或do。

至于can,may,must这些助动词,在各种人称后形式不变:

  He(orShe,It,Myfriend)comes(orsees,goes).

  He(orShe,It,Myfriend)iswaiting,hascome,doesgo,(is,has,does作助动词)iskind,hasafunnyface,doesnothingatall.(is,has,does作主要动词)

  I(orwe,You,They,Myfriends)come(orsee,go).

  Iamwaiting,havecome,dogo.We(orYou,They,Myfriends)arewaiting,havecome,dogo.(am,are,have,do作助动词)

  Iamsorry.Theyarekind,havefunnyfaces,donothingatall.(am,are,have,do作主要动词)

  任何主语+must(orcan,may,oughtto,neednot,darenot)come(orsee,go).

  过去时可和住何主语一起用,只有was和were是例外。

was和第一第三人称单数主语一起用,其他主语都和were一起用,如:

  Hewasill.Iwasill.Theywereill.

  在将来时中主要是用shall或will,不需加词尾,如:

  They(orJohnandMary)willcome,shallcome.

  He(orIt)willcome,shallcome.

  判断主语的人称不难,但判断它的数有时却并不容易。

至少有39种有关数上一致的问题,它们可以分为两大类。

  第一大类是哪个是主语的问题。

在这类中,决定哪个词或词组是主语比决定某个主语是单数还是复数更困难。

以下面句子为例:

  Thestudents,aswellastheteacher,are(oris?

)intheclass-room.(在决定用are还是is以前,首先得决定students和teacher哪是主语,还是两者都是主语。

  Myguideis(orare?

)thestars.(是guide还是stars是真正的主语?

  第二大类是主语是单数还是复数的问题。

在这类中,决定主语是单数还是复数比决定哪个是主语更困难:

  Billiards(单数还是复数?

)is(orare?

)myfavoritegame.

  Thephenomena(单数还是复数?

)is(orare?

)unbelievable.

  Theheadquarters(单数还是复数?

)is(orare?

)inLondon.

  1)第一大类:

哪个是主语?

  谓语动词通常跟在主语后面,但有时却放在主语前面,特别是在由who,which,how,when等疑问词或助动词引起的问句中:

  Whoarethey?

  Whichdoesshelikebest?

  HasyourwifecomebackfromParis?

  Aretheguestscelebratingherbirthday?

  在某些倒装句中,谓语动词有时放在主语前面:

  Ifyouarenotsatisfied,norisPeter.

  NeverinmylifehaveIforgother.NobodyelsecanIlove.

  HardlyhasLizwokenupwhenthesunrises.

  “Ifeelbored.”“Soisevrybody.”

  在下面这类倒装句中情况也如此。

  Therecomemanychildren.

  Beforethehousestandsatree.

  Beforethehousestandatreeandabench(twothings).

  Inthehousethereisacat,(thereis)adog,and(thereare)threebirds.(后面的thereis,thereare多省略,在acat前用is是对的。

  ToDickfallthedutiesofmaintainingthefamily.

  AfterJancomesNora.

  Here'sallthecoinsIhave.(在口语中here's和there's和where's后可跟一复数名词)

  There'sthreefriendswaitingforme.

  Where'sthekidsthatstoletheapples?

  在下面这类句子中,补语或分词提前,主语在is,was,are,were之后:

  Goneareallmyhappydays!

  Waitingfortheresultsarethousandsofpeople.Gatheredundertheroofwereallthebigshots.

  两个单数名词由and连接可构成复数主语:

  JohnandMary(=Twopersons)arecoming.

  (但:

JohniscomingandMaryiscoming,too.)

  Mymoneyandmyfriendarebothgone.

  Goodcoffeeandbadaredifferentfromeachother.

  两个人称代词由and连接也构成复数主语:

  HeandI(=We)arefriends.

  Bothyouandhe(=Bothofyou)areill.

  由every,any等词修饰的几个主语,尽管由and连接,仍然保持是单数:

  Everyboyandeverygirlisplaying.

  Anyrelative,anyfriendandanyneighbourisreadytohelphim.

  Eachgrown-upandeachchildlikesit.

  Nocity,novillage,nomountain,(and)noseaisaplaceofsafety.

  Manyamanandmanyawomanhasseentheaccident.

两个名词前各加同一限定词,表示是两个人或两样东西,谓语动词要用复数:

  Ageneralandastatesman(twopersons)werekilled.

  Hishomeandhisofficeareveryfarfrommyhome.

  Ablackandawhitedogareplayingintheyard.

  一个不可数名词,如有两个形容词修饰,而指两样东西,动词用复数;否则用单数:

  EnglishandFrenchgrammararedifferent.

  Sweetandsourporkisdelicious.

  如果主体词重复,表示是两样东西,动词要用单数:

  Thesituationbeforethewarandthesituationafterarediffer-ent.

  Whathesaidandwhathethoughtwerethesame.

  如作主语的两个名词用同一限定词,指的是一个人或一样东西,动词要用单数:

  Ageneralandstatesman(oneperson)waskilled.

  Hishomeandoffice(oneplace)isveryfarfrommyhouse.

  Ablackandwhitedog(onedog)isplaying.

  Whathesaidandthoughtwasforothers.

  有时两个名词虽由and连接,但习惯上被看作是一样东西,这时动词也用单数:

  Breadandbutterisenoughforme.

  Whiskyandsodaishisfavourite.

  Duckandpeasisdelicious,buteggsandbaconisbetter.

  Thatcupandsaucerisbroken.

  Thewheelandaxleisoutofrepair.

  Aneedleandthreadisallmygrandmotherneeds.

  RomeoandJulietisatragedy.

  两个抽象名词一起用时,有时代表两个东西,有时代表一个东西,动词的单复数要根据意思来决定,有时两者都可以(看我们如何考虑):

  Theuseandobjectofthisare(oris)simple.

  Thestitchingandbindingofbooksare(oris)ahardjob.

  Hiscourageandenduranceare(oris)Great.

  Sympathyandunderstandingare(oris)required.

  Trialanderror(通常看作一个概念)isthebestwaytolearn.

  AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.

  Theebbandflowofone'sfortuneisamatterofcourse.

有时一个主语后跟一逗号,以及“and+名词+副词”,后面的动词就常和第一个名词一致。

“and+名词+副词”可以看作一个省略的分句:

  Mary,andherparentstoo(oralso,likewise,aswell),isfondofJohn.(=MaryisfondofJohn,andherparentsarefondofJohn,too.)

  Mary,andperhaps(orparticularly,even,certainly)herparents,isfondofJohn.(and+副词+名词)

  Mary,butnotherparents,isfondofJohn.

  Mary'sparents,butnotMaryherself,arefondofJohn.(在跟有not时,可以用but代替and。

  单纯数词一般看作单数,如果有两个数词由and或time或其它词连接,动词可以用单数或复数形式:

  Thirteenisanunluckynumber.

  Twoandtwomake(ormakes)four.

  Eightplusfiveequalsthirteen.(书面体)

  Threefivesare(oris)fifteen.(口语体)

  Threetimesfiveare(oris)fifteen.

  Whatare(oris)twiceseven?

  40multipliedby58equals2320.(书面体)

  Fivefromnine(orNinetakeawayfive)is(orleaves)four.(口语体)

  Sixhundredandoneminusfortyequalsfivehundredandsix-ty-one.(书面体)

  Threeintotwelvegoesfour.(口语体)

  Twohundredfiftydividedbyfiftyequalsfive.(书面体)如果数词表示复数的人或东西,动词也用复数形式:

  Five(=FivePersons)werekilled.

  Oneandahalf…为复数,而halfa…为单数:

  Oneandahalfdollarswerespentonsugar,andhalfadollarwasSpentonflour.

  Afineand/orimprisonmentis(orare)notenough.

  如果两个主语由or或nor连接,动词与最靠近的主语一致:

EitheryouorIamright.

  NeitherAlicenorherparentslikeMike.

  Oneortwowordsareenough.(但是Awordortwoise-nough.)

  Thereisoneortwoexamples.

  Wangorratherhisbrothersdecidethematter.

  但:

Lifeor(=and)deatharenothingtome.

  WhetherJohnorMaryarewillingtohelpmeisstillaproblem.

  两个主语若由notonly…butalso…连接起来,动词和最近的主语一致:

  Notonlymyhouse,butmanyotherhouseshavebeenwhite-washed.

  (但最好说:

Notonlymyhousehasbeenwhitewashed,butmanyotherhouses,too.)

  NotonlyMary'sparents,butalsoMaryherselflikesMike.

  ThereisnotonlyMary,butalsoMary'sparents.

  如果主语后跟有介词短语、连词短语或是分词短语,动词仍与主语一致,不受中间插入成分的影响(注意主语后及短语后的逗号):

  Twogirls,besides(介词)Mary,arestudyingMalay.

  Allmysisters,exceptLilian,studyflower-arranging.

  Thestreet,withsomanypeoplegoingupanddown,isdirty.

  Lee,togetherwith(介词短语)histhreebrothers,hascometoourparty.

  Thehorses,alongwiththeirowner,fallintotheriver.

  Thisproblem,inadditiontotheothertwo,makemesad.

  You,aswellas(连词短语)he,aremistaken.

  Thestudents,muchmorethantheteacher,wishforaholi-day.

  Theteacher,asmuchasthestudents,wishesforaholiday.

  Wang'sfriends,nolessthanWanghimself,wishforhissuc-cess.

  Oneapple,divided(分词短语)bysixchildren,isathingunpleasant.

  Themanager,accompaniedbyhisassistants,hasgoneout.

  Myschoolmates,includingJohn,arekindtome.

  Allthemembers,notexceptingthechairman,arearrived.

上面那种插在主语和谓语动词之间的成分,也可移到句首,意思是差不多的:

  BesidesMary,threestudentsarestudyingMalay.

  Inadditiontotheothertwo,thisproblemmakesmesad.

  NolessthanWanghimself,Wang'sfriendswishforhissuc-cess.

  Accompaniedbyhisassistants,themanagerhasgoneout.

  主语后面有时跟有of或其他介词时,动词仍和主语一致:

Oneoftheboysissick.

  Themeetingofsomanystrangersbroadenshisview.

  Acleanupofsuchagovernmentisabsolutelynecessary.

  Thelossofhisparentswastoomuchforhim.

  Atruckloadoforangescostsaboutathousanddollars.

  Twospoonsofsugararejustenough.

  Twobottlesofwhiskyarenothingtohim.

  Onlyfivebagsofriceareinstock.

  Sixcasesofcholeraarereported.

  Signsofrevoltareincreasingeveryday.

  Thiskind(orsort,type,class,species,breed,variety)ofcatisrare.

  Thesekinds(orsorts,…)offlowersarerare.(口语体)

  Flowersofthiskind(orsort,…)arerare.(书面体)

  Oneofthestudents,whospeakslrish,isherson.

  Oneofthestudentswhospeaklrishisherson.

  Morechildrenthanoneareinfected.

  Nobodybutfiveworkersispromoted.

  SuchpeopleasJohnarewonderful.

  Thenumberofbanksinthiscityisaboutforty.(但:

Anum-berofbanksarecloseddown.动词和这类数词短语后的名词一致)

  Theaverageofabsenteesisfourineachmeeting.(但:

Anaverageoffourpersonsareabsentineachmeeting.)

  Thetotalofmurdersinthisyearisovertwohundred.(但:

Atotaloftwohundredmurdersarecommittedthisyear.)

  后面跟复数动词的短语有:

amajorityofpeople,avarietyofreasons,arainofbullets,astormofstones,afloodofre-sources,aseaoffaces,atrickleoftourists,amountainofwatermelons等等。

  系动词一般都和前面的主语一致,而不受后面补语的影响:

Myonlypleasureisthemovies.

  Themoviesaremyonlypleasure.

  Thosestarsaremyonlyguide.

  Myonlyguideisthosestars.

  Hisfoodisfruitandmilk.

  Fruitandmilkarehisfood.

  Dogsareapleasanttrouble.

  Weareafootballteam.

  主语后的同位语和补语一样都不影响动词的形式:

  Themovies,myonlypleasure,arealsomyruin.

  Thosestars,myonlyguide,aretwinklingallthenight.

  Hisfood,fruitandmilkisdeliciousandnutritious.

  Theybecomemaster(ormistress)ofthesituation(ortheEng-lishlanguage).

  Manyfallvictim.

  Theyseemtobeourenemy.

  Theya

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