高中英语语法非谓语动词专题.docx
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高中英语语法非谓语动词专题
高中英语语法非谓语动词专题
动词不定式（infinitive）
一、动词不定式作用
一）.主语
e.g.Tofindagoodjobisnotquiteeasy.
It形式主语
e.g.Itisnotquiteeasytofindagoodjob.
Itisnotfairtoblamethemfortheaccident.
Ittookusfiveyearstocompletetheproject.
Itwasdecidedtobringthematterupatthenextmeeting.
Itisagreathonortobeinvitedtoyourschooltotalkaboutthehistoryandsignificanceofliterature.
二）.表语
e.g.Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanimmediately.
Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice.
三）.宾语
e.g.Hemanagedtosolvetheproblemallbyhimself.
ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.
Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.
（decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help,prefer,afford,attempt,claim,dare,fail,prepare,seek,volunteer…）
It形式宾语
e.g.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyinadvance.
Iconsideritmydutytopointouttheirshortcomings.
四）.定语
1.英语中一些名词常跟不定式作定语。
其中有一部分是由常跟不定式作宾语的动词和常跟不定式构成复合谓语的形容词转化或派生而来的。
如ability,agreement,anxiety,attempt,claim,decision,determination,eagerness,failure,intention,hope,need,plan,promise,refusal,threat…
e.g.Hisattempttosolvetheproblemfailedagain.
Hefailedinhisattempttosolvetheproblemagain.
Youhaven’tkeptyourpromisetowriteusregularly.
Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.
Ihavenointentiontogotothecinemawithyoutonight.
Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchsmallproblems.
Inhisspeech,heexpressedtheirdeterminationtoachievetheirgoals.
2．thefirst/second/last/only/best等后面常跟不定式作定语
e.g.Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.
Whichisthebestwaytosolvetheproblem?
Heistheonlypersontoknowtheresultofthetest.
3.其它
e.g.Shealwayshasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevenings.
Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevacation.
Therearestilltwoitemstoincludeintheprogram.
Theyhadnochancetogotoschoolinthosedays.
Thiswillbeagoodopportunitytoexchangeexperience.
4.注意点
1）不定式与它修饰的词有动宾关系，如果这个不定式动词是不及物动词，后面一般要有介词。
但time,place.Way等后面可以没有介词。
e.g.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.
Thereisnothingforustoworryabout.
Sheisaverynicepersontogetalongwith.
Wehadnoplacetolive（in）.
2）不定式的主动和被动。
不定式与修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，常用主动。
e.g.Doyouhaveaknifetocutthewatermelon?
（Aknifecutsthewatermelon.）
不定式与修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，用主动。
但如果没有这种主谓关系，则常用被动。
e.g.Shehasasistertolookafter.
TheteachergaveJohnabooktoread.
I’mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourparents?
Haveyoubeenaskedtoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrowevening?
五）状语
1.目的状语
e.g.Theywillgotothestationtomeettheguests.
Helenhadtoshouttomakeherselfheardabovethesoundofmusic.
Togetthereontime,Igotupearly.
注意：
可用inorderto/soasto/so（such）…asto表目的或结果，但soasto/so（such）…asto不可放在句首。
e.g.Shedecidedtoworkharderinorderto/soastocatchupwiththeothers.
Inordertoachievethisaim,wemustlearnfromothercountries.
Let’shurrysoasnottobelateforthemeeting.
Shewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.
Wasshesoconceitedasnottobelieveinthewisdomofthemasses?
Hewassuchafoolastobelievethecheat.
2.结果状语
1）一般跟learn（得知）,find,see,hear,make等词连用，onlyto…常表示令人不快、出乎意料的结果。
e.g.Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.
WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoexcited?
Heleft,nevertoreturn.
Shehurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditclosed.
IhurriedtoProfessorWang’shouseonlytobetoldhewasout.
2）在too…to或enough结果中。
e.g.Sheistoosmalltodressherself.
Wefoundtheroomnotbigenoughtoholdsomanypeople.
注意：
当不定式前的形容词为nervous,pleased,willing,delighted,happy,glad等时，too…to中的to应译为肯定。
当不定式前有否定意义的词时应译为肯定。
e.g.Theyaretoonervoustoleave.他们急于离开。
Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我们非常乐意帮助你。
Wearenevertoooldtolearn.活到老，学到老
3.原因状语
e.g.Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.
Hesmiledtothinkofthecleverplan.
4.不定式用在作表语的形容词（或过去分词）后作状语，说明原因。
e.g.Weshallbeveryhappytoco-operatewithyouinthework.
Hewasannoyedtohearthemtalklikethat.
六）作插入语
e.g.Totellyouthetruth,Iamnotinfavorofyourplan.
Tobefair/frank,heisnotatallanirresponsibleman.
Tobegin/startwith,youmustmovealltheequipmentintothelaboratory.
七）不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
1.see,hear,lookat,watch,listento,feel,observe,notice等感官动词及let,make,have等使役动词。
但在被动语态中to不能省略。
e.g.Thebossmadetheemployeeswork10hoursaday.
Theteacherhadthestudentsfinishtheworkwithinfineminutes.
Jerrylikestoobservethestarsmoveintheskyatnight.
Shewasoftenmadetodoalotofhouseworkbyhermother.
2.与hadbetter,wouldrather…（than）,would…ratherthan…,cannotbut…,cannothelpbut,might/mayaswell…连用。
e.g.Sincesheisangry,wehadbetterleaveheralone.
Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieofhunger.
Icouldn’thelpbutwaitforthenextbustocome.
但是：
Hewenthomeonfootratherthantookabus.
3.与donothing/anything/everythingbut（except）连用
e.g.Lastnight,IdidnothingbutwatchTV.
Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.
但是：
若谓语动词不是donothing/anything/everything那么but（except）所跟的不定式要带to.
e.g.Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.
Theyhadnochoicebuttowaitfortheresultofthetest.
4.and/or连接同一概念时，后面的to可以省略。
e.g.I’dliketogoandseeafilm.
八）在复合结构中使用不定式。
1.VT+O+OC
e.g.Ididn’texpectyoutoarrivesoearly.
Hermotherforbidshertogooutintheevening.
2.think,consider,believe,suppose,know,feel,find,understand,declare,take等这类动词也可以接复合宾语，常由tobe构成。
部分动词（think,consider,find）后的tobe也可省略。
e.g.Theydon’tconsiderthattobeimportant.
Manypeoplesupposedhimtobedead.
Theyfoundtheanswerquitesatisfactory.
3.某些动词短语后。
e.g.Thegovernmentcalledonustoincreaseproduction.
Youcancountonustogiveyoufullsupport.
Whocanbedependedontocarryoutthesurvey?
4.besaid/reported/known,seem,happen,prove,appear等构成谓语的句子，相当于It’s…that….
e.g.Heissaidtobefromapeasantfamily.=Itissaidthatheisfromapeasantfamily.
Thecountryisknowntohaverichnaturalresources.
Shedoesn’tseemtohaveenoughconfidenceinherself.
Ihappenedtobeoutwhenyoucalled.
5.belikely/certain/sure/unlikely/willing/anxious/eager/ready等后面。
e.g.Theyarelikelytosucceed.
Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.
二、不定式的时态。
一）一般式。
谓语动作与不定式动作同时或几乎同时发生，或不定式动作在谓语动作后。
e.g.Heseemstoknowthenews.
Theyinviteustogotherethissummer.
Iamsorrytohearthenews.
二）进行式。
不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调动作正在进行。
e.g.HepretendedtobereadingwhenIcamein.
Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecovered.
Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.
三）完成式。
不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前。
e.g.Iamsorrytohaveputyousomuchtrouble.
Iseemtohavemetyousomewherebefore.
Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered2daysbefore.
注意：
某些动词过去式+tohavedone表示未实现的行为。
如wish,hope,intend,mean,plan,be等动词。
e.g.Iwastohavereturnedyouthebook,butIwastoobusythatday.
Theplanewastohavetakenoffat6o’clock,butsomethingwentwrong.
四）完成进行式。
若强调不定式动作从谓语动作之前的某一时刻起持续到另一时刻，用完成进行式，不强调结果。
e.g.Sheseemstohavebeenreadingthenovelfor3hours.
YouaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnaninthelast5years.
三、不定式语态。
一）当不定式逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，一般用被动式。
e.g.Thisistheplantobediscussedattoday’smeeting.
Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.
Itisnecessaryforustobeconstantlyremindedofourshortcomings.
Whethermostcountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.
SheaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.
Hedidn’texpectthebooktobewellreceived.
Tobecriticizedmightbeagoodthing.
二）当不定式逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时，一般用主动式。
e.g.Westillhavemanydifficultiestoovercome.
He’llshowyoutherightpathtotake.
Theyfoundthelecturehardtofollow.
三）若不定式动作的执行者不是上述情况而是其他人时，用被动式。
e.g.Herearetheclothestobewashed.
Theformistobefilledoutinink.
Letmeshowyoutheroomtobeusedastheteachers’readingroom.
四）Therebe结构中，通常两种时态都可以。
e.g.Thereisnothingtosee.（Nothingisworthseeing）
但在口语中，稍有区别。
Thereisnothingtobeseen.（Nothingisthereatall）
Therearestillmanythingstodealwith/tobedealtwith.
五）在固定句型中。
e.g.Thehouseistolet.
Whoistoblamefortheaccident?
Thedogisnowhereistobefound.
Thepassageistoohardtotranslate.
Theboxistooheavytomove.
六）不定式作表语形容词时和主语构成逻辑动宾关系用主动，因为往往认为省略了forsb.
e.g.Thiskindoffishisnicetoeat.
Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.
四、几个需说明的问题。
1、VT/PROP+疑问词+不定式，用主动式。
e.g.DoyouknowhowexpresstheideainEnglish.
Shewilltellyouwhichbustotake.
Idon’tknowwhattodonext.
Theyareatalossastohowtodealwiththesituation.
2、疑问词+todo可作主语、表语、宾语、同谓语。
e.g.Itisnotyetdecidedwhethertobuildthedamhere.
Howtoputtheplanintopracticeisaquestion.
Thequestionishowtoputtheplanintopractice.
Thequestionhowtoputtheplanintopracticepuzzledus.
3、为避免重复，可以把不定式动词省略，单留to.
e.g.IshallgoifIwantto.
---Willyoujoinmeinawalk?
----I’llbegladto.
---Doyouwanttogiveatalkonthesubject?
---Iprefernotto.
但是若不定式含有be,have,havebeen时，这些词要保留。
e.g.---Areyouonholiday?
---No,I’dliketobe.
---Ididn’ttellhimthenews.---Oh,yououghttohave.
4、由连词连接的并列动作，后面的to可省略。
e.g.It’squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.
Sheto
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