高中英语语法非谓语动词专题.docx

1、高中英语语法非谓语动词专题高中英语语法非谓语动词专题动词不定式(infinitive)一、动词不定式作用一）. 主语e.g. To find a good job is not quite easy.It形式主语e.g. It is not quite easy to find a good job. It is not fair to blame them for the accident. It took us five years to complete the project. It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meet

2、ing. It is a great honor to be invited to your school to talk about the history and significance of literature.二）. 表语e.g. My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately. The most important thing is to put theory into practice.三）.宾语e.g. He managed to solve the problem all by himself. She pretende

3、d not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.(decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help, prefer, afford, attempt, claim, dare, fail, prepare, seek, volunteer)It 形式宾

4、语e.g. They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.四）.定语1. 英语中一些名词常跟不定式作定语。其中有一部分是由常跟不定式作宾语的动词和常跟不定式构成复合谓语的形容词转化或派生而来的。如ability, agreement, anxiety, attempt, claim, decision, determination, eagerness, failure, intention, hope, need

5、, plan, promise, refusal, threate.g. His attempt to solve the problem failed again. He failed in his attempt to solve the problem again. You havent kept your promise to write us regularly. Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. I have no intention to go to the cinema with you tonight

6、. There is no need to bother him with such small problems. In his speech, he expressed their determination to achieve their goals.2the first/second/last/only/best等后面常跟不定式作定语e.g. He is always the first to come and the last to leave. Which is the best way to solve the problem? He is the only person to

7、 know the result of the test.3.其它e.g. She always has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. I want to get something to read during the vacation. There are still two items to include in the program. They had no chance to go to school in those days. This will be a good opportunity to exchange ex

8、perience.4. 注意点1）不定式与它修饰的词有动宾关系，如果这个不定式动词是不及物动词，后面一般要有介词。但time, place. Way等后面可以没有介词。e.g. Lets first find a room to put the things in. There is nothing for us to worry about. She is a very nice person to get along with. We had no place to live (in) .2) 不定式的主动和被动。不定式与修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，常用主动。e.g. Do yo

9、u have a knife to cut the watermelon?（A knife cuts the watermelon.）不定式与修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，用主动。 但如果没有这种主谓关系，则常用被动。e.g. She has a sister to look after.The teacher gave John a book to read.Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your parents?Have you been ask

10、ed to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow evening?五）状语1. 目的状语e.g. They will go to the station to meet the guests. Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of music. To get there on time, I got up early.注意：可用in order to / so as to / so(such)as to表目的或结果，但so as to / so(such)as to不可放在

11、句首。e.g. She decided to work harder in order to / so as to catch up with the others. In order to achieve this aim, we must learn from other countries. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. She was so angry as to be unable to speak. Was she so conceited as not to believe in the wisdom of th

12、e masses? He was such a fool as to believe the cheat.2.结果状语1）一般跟learn(得知), find, see, hear, make 等词连用， only to常表示令人不快、出乎意料的结果。e.g. He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged. What have I said to make you so excited? He left, never to return. She hurried to the post office only to f

13、ind it closed. I hurried to Professor Wangs house only to be told he was out.2) 在tooto或enough结果中。e.g. She is too small to dress herself. We found the room not big enough to hold so many people.注意：当不定式前的形容词为nervous, pleased, willing, delighted, happy, glad等时，tooto中的to应译为肯定。当不定式前有否定意义的词时应译为肯定。e.g. The

14、y are too nervous to leave. 他们急于离开。 I am only too pleased to help you. 我们非常乐意帮助你。 We are never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老3.原因状语e.g. We jumped with joy to hear the news. He smiled to think of the clever plan.4.不定式用在作表语的形容词（或过去分词）后作状语，说明原因。e.g. We shall be very happy to co-operate with you in the work.

15、 He was annoyed to hear them talk like that.六）作插入语e.g. To tell you the truth, I am not in favor of your plan. To be fair / frank, he is not at all an irresponsible man.To begin / start with, you must move all the equipment into the laboratory.七）不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。1. see, hear, look at, watch, listen to,

16、 feel, observe, notice等感官动词及let, make, have等使役动词。但在被动语态中to不能省略。e.g. The boss made the employees work 10 hours a day. The teacher had the students finish the work within fine minutes. Jerry likes to observe the stars move in the sky at night. She was often made to do a lot of housework by her mother.

17、2. 与had better, would rather(than), wouldrather than, can not but, can not help but, might / may as well连用。e.g. Since she is angry, we had better leave her alone. Rather than beg in the street, he would prefer to die of hunger. I couldnt help but wait for the next bus to come.但是：He went home on foot

18、 rather than took a bus.3. 与do nothing / anything / everything but(except)连用e.g. Last night, I did nothing but watch TV. John will do anything but work on a farm.但是：若谓语动词不是do nothing / anything / everything那么but(except)所跟的不定式要带to.e.g. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. They had no choi

19、ce but to wait for the result of the test.4. and / or 连接同一概念时，后面的to可以省略。e.g. Id like to go and see a film.八）在复合结构中使用不定式。1. VT + O + OCe.g. I didnt expect you to arrive so early. Her mother forbids her to go out in the evening.2. think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declar

20、e, take等这类动词也可以接复合宾语，常由to be 构成。部分动词（think, consider, find）后的to be也可省略。e.g. They dont consider that to be important. Many people supposed him to be dead. They found the answer quite satisfactory.3.某些动词短语后。e.g. The government called on us to increase production. You can count on us to give you full s

21、upport. Who can be depended on to carry out the survey?4. be said / reported / known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子，相当于Itsthat.e.g. He is said to be from a peasant family. = It is said that he is from a peasant family. The country is known to have rich natural resources. She doesnt seem to hav

22、e enough confidence in herself. I happened to be out when you called.5. be likely / certain / sure / unlikely / willing / anxious / eager / ready 等后面。e.g. They are likely to succeed. She is always ready to help others.二、不定式的时态。一）一般式。谓语动作与不定式动作同时或几乎同时发生，或不定式动作在谓语动作后。e.g. He seems to know the news. Th

23、ey invite us to go there this summer. I am sorry to hear the news.二）进行式。不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调动作正在进行。e.g. He pretended to be reading when I came in. You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered. They are said to be building another bridge across the river.三）完成式。不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前。e.g. I am

24、 sorry to have put you so much trouble. I seem to have met you somewhere before. The enemy was reported to have surrendered 2 days before.注意：某些动词过去式+to have done表示未实现的行为。如wish, hope, intend, mean, plan, be等动词。e.g. I was to have returned you the book, but I was too busy that day. The plane was to hav

25、e taken off at 6 oclock, but something went wrong.四）完成进行式。若强调不定式动作从谓语动作之前的某一时刻起持续到另一时刻，用完成进行式，不强调结果。e.g. She seems to have been reading the novel for 3 hours. You are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan in the last 5 years.三、不定式语态。一）当不定式逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，一般用被动式。e.g. This is the plan to b

26、e discussed at todays meeting. The book is said to have been translated into many languages. It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. Whether most countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. She asked to be sent to work in Tibet. He didnt expect th

27、e book to be well received. To be criticized might be a good thing.二）当不定式逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时，一般用主动式。e.g. We still have many difficulties to overcome. Hell show you the right path to take. They found the lecture hard to follow.三）若不定式动作的执行者不是上述情况而是其他人时，用被动式。e.g. Here are the clothes to be washed. The form

28、 is to be filled out in ink. Let me show you the room to be used as the teachers reading room.四）There be结构中，通常两种时态都可以。e.g. There is nothing to see. (Nothing is worth seeing)但在口语中，稍有区别。There is nothing to be seen. (Nothing is there at all) There are still many things to deal with / to be dealt with.五

29、）在固定句型中。e.g. The house is to let. Who is to blame for the accident? The dog is nowhere is to be found. The passage is too hard to translate. The box is too heavy to move.六）不定式作表语形容词时和主语构成逻辑动宾关系用主动，因为往往认为省略了for sb.e.g. This kind of fish is nice to eat. The book is difficult to understand.四、几个需说明的问题。1

30、、VT / PROP + 疑问词 + 不定式，用主动式。e.g. Do you know how express the idea in English. She will tell you which bus to take. I dont know what to do next. They are at a loss as to how to deal with the situation.2、疑问词 + to do可作主语、表语、宾语、同谓语。e.g. It is not yet decided whether to build the dam here. How to put the

31、 plan into practice is a question. The question is how to put the plan into practice. The question how to put the plan into practice puzzled us.3、为避免重复，可以把不定式动词省略，单留to.e.g. I shall go if I want to. -Will you join me in a walk? - Ill be glad to. - Do you want to give a talk on the subject? - I prefer not to.但是若不定式含有be, have, have been时，这些词要保留。e.g. - Are you on holiday? - No, Id like to be. - I didnt tell him the news. - Oh, you ought to have.4、由连词连接的并列动作，后面的to可省略。e.g. Its quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice. She to