0442 politicsMedia P122125.docx

0442 politicsMedia P122125.docx

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0442politicsMediaP122125

4.4.2Media媒体

注：

[medium（singular）介质->]Media（plural）媒体]

The（frequent:

adj.->）frequency（n.频率）ofdemocraticelectionsandthespectacle（=landscape壮观的景色->spectacular<->participatory）ofpolitics（政治）helpknit（编织）civilsocietytogether.Themediaexert（vt.施加）apowerful（=influential:

adj.有影响力的->）influence（n./vt.）andoffer（=give/provide）aconduit（=access管道）forcommunicationsbetweenthepeopleandtheirpoliticians（政客）.Sometimesthemediaaremost（=very/much）influencedbytheprofitmotive（动机）andoffer（=give）questionable（值得怀疑的）storiestotitillate（=attract逗引）andattractviewers,insteadofinforming（informsb.ofsth.通知某人某件事）themontheissues（=problems）.Atothertimes（=Inothercases/Onotheroccasions有时）,themediacanacttoomuch（做过头了）like（pre.“像”）agovernmentmouthpiece（喉舌）or,contrarily（相反地）,canserveas（=functionsas起…作用）apopulist（平民的）（mega-:

great;phone=sound->）megaphone（=loudspeaker扩音器;microphone=mike/mic扩音器）whereordinarypeoplecallfor（号召）conventionalorunconventional（反传统的）actions（重大的军事行动）tochangeapoliticalsituation（局势）.Whethersittingonthegovernment'slap（怀抱里）orsnappingat（=criticizing对厉声说话）itsheels,themedia'srole（角色,作用）cannotbeignored（忽略）.

Intheyearbetweenthefirstpresidentialprimaries（初选）andthefinalelection,journalists（新闻工作者,专栏作家->journalism:

n.新闻学）arerelentless（毫不留情的）inexposing（暴露）thelives（生活）ofthelikely（=possible）winners.Primariesareboth“beautycontests（选美大赛）”andmarathons（马拉松）,witheverydeviant（异常的）feature（特征,特性）ofthecandidate'slivesandfamilybackgrounds[car:

n.汽车->scar:

n.伤疤->scarf:

n.围巾->]scarring（伤害）themabituntiltheunrelenting（冷酷的）exposureofpersonaldetailsfinallyconvinces（=makes/forces）somecandidatestoquit（=stop）therace（=campaign竞选）.Manypeopledonotenterpoliticallifesimply（=only）because（仅仅是因为）theirprivatelivescannotbear（=stand/endure/putupwith）thescrutiny（=examination审查）fromprofessional（专业的）reportersortalkshowpundits（=expert专家）.FortheAmericanpublic,thisisallgreatentertainment（娱乐）andfarmorepeoplecloselyfollow（=trace追踪）thecampaigns（=competitionforahighposition）thanactuallyvote.

MostmediacompaniesintheUSareprivatelyowned;thusnews-worthiness（新闻价值）mustbebalancedagainstmarketforces（=whatthepeopleneed）toprovideprofits（=toearnhugemoney）.TheFirstAmendmentprotectsfreespeechandfreedomofthepressbutalsogivescomfort（n.）togossippages（版面）thatstretch（=exaggerate扩大）thetruthtosellpapersorattractviewers.Mostly,though,themediatakepridein（以…而自豪）thetruthfulness（n.真实）andtrustworthiness（n.可信）oftheirstoriesandarequicktoretract（收回）orcorrect（vt.更正）afalsehood（n.虚假的东西）.

Therecanbenodoubt（=Withoutdoubt/Undoubtedly毫无疑问）thatthemediaareessential（=important）andconvenient（方便的）toolsforpoliticians,allofwhomdeveloppressstrategiestoconnectwith（maketouchwith/communicate与…保持沟通）potential（=would-be）voters.FranklinRooseveltshowedthepower（力量）ofradiointhe1930sandJohnKennedyproved（证明）theeffectiveness（n.有效性）oftelevisioninthe1960s.Today,allhigh-levelpoliticiansspendalotofmoneyandtimemolding（实时地塑造）mediamoments（时刻->image媒体中形象）toattractvotersinthefirstplace（=firstofall/above首要的任务）,stayinthepubliceyevia（=through）aTV“photoopportunity（露脸的机会）,”orbyspinning（纺纱）–interpreting（=explaining）favorably–anegative（消极的,负面的）storytodiminish（=reduce）itsimpact（=influence:

n.影响）.Theterms“photo-op”and“spin-city（婉转）”becamecommon（常见现象）duringthepresidenciesofRonaldReaganandBillClinton,respectively（adv.各自）.GeorgeW.Bushhasalsoshowngreataptitude（=ability才能）atusingphoto-ops,suchas（forexample）TheThanksgivingDay2002shot（=picture）takenattheWhiteHouse（Illustration6.1）.Bush'smostprominent（=outstanding）personaladvisorandtactician（军师）,KarlRove,variously（=different）called“KidGenius（天才小子）,”orthe“ThirdmostimportantmaninAmerica”isrespectedbysupporters（=fans粉丝）andpoliticalfoes（=enemies政治对手）alike（=similarly）as（=for因为）havingoneofAmerica'smostastute（精明的）andanalyticalpoliticalminds（=brains）.Heunderstandshowissueswillplayinthemediaandhefashions（=ways方法）thephoto-opstodefendandpromote（推销）PresidentBush（Green,2004）.Illustration4.3isoneofthemostanalyzedphoto-op（曝光）releases（=report释放）inAmericanhistory.

Thenationalandlocalscopeofthemediapresent（呈现）anambiguous（有歧义的）picture（画面）.Theconnectionofmediatopoliticsiscomplicatedbylocalism（地方主义）as（因为）noprintednewspaper（纸质媒体）successfullyreachesanationalaudience,eventhoughtheWallStreetJournalandUSATodaycomeclose.Digital（数字版）versionsofnewspaperslike（=suchas）theWashingtonPostandNewYorkTimeshavealsobecomeincreasinglypopular.Ontheotherhand,television,radio,andnewspapersareincreasinglyownedbylargeconglomerates（企业集团）,suchasCNN-Time/America-On-Line.Thismonopolizationofnewsoutlets（出口）hasbeenblamedforthecentrism（中庸）ofpoliticalcandidateswhoarewary（=careful:

adj.小心的）nottooffend（vt.得罪）mediaownersiftheywantfavorableairtime（播出时间）orin-depth（深度的）columns（专栏）inanyorallmarkets.Manycritics（评论家）haveclaimedthatthemediahaveactedtheroleofgatekeeper（守门员）,controllingtheflowofinformation（控制信息的流向）anddeterminingitsspin（=circulation流通,发行）.Theinternet,weblog,faxsystems,satellitetelevisionandradiochannels,segmentation（分割）ofFM（调频）andmedium-waveradiobyideology（意识形态）andreligiousviews（宗教色彩浓重的观点）,andthegrowth（=development）ofcableTVnewscomplicate（vt.使…复杂化）analyses（n.分析）ofmediainfluence.Newtechnologyandenhanced（强化）programming（节目）diversity（多样性）allowsindividualstocustomize（定制）theirviewingorlisteningbybypassing（绕过,避开）traditionalmediatocreate（订制）theirown“liberal”or

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Illustration4.3“Mission（=Task）Accomplished（=achieved）”

PresidentGeorgeBushco-pilotedaS-3Vikingjet（喷气式飞机）ontotheaircraftcarrierAbrahamLincolnonMay2003anddeclaredanoptimistic（乐观的）end（=aim目标）tomajorcombat（=fighting）operationsinIraq.The“Mission（使命,任务）Accomplished”bannerinthebackgroundwaspurportedly（据称）hung（挂起来）bythesailorsthemselves,butsomecommentators（评论员）havearguedthatpresidentialphoto-opsaretooimportanttobelefttochance（随机，偶然的）.（J.ScottApplewhite/Polfoto宝富图）

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“conservative”mediauniverses.

Anotherrecentproblemisthatcompetitionhasmadethemediabothincredibly（=unbelievably令人那难以置信地）hungryfornewsandvicious（邪恶的）inacquiring（获取）it.Tokeepviewersorsubscribers（注册者）,conglomerates（聚结）feelthattheymustbethefirsttobreakthenews（KovachandRosenstiel,1999）.Thus,anycitizenwhorunsfor（竞选）electiveoffice（=jobs/position）risks（冒险）beingconsumedbythepress.GovernorHowardDean'scampaignfortheDemocraticnominationhadthemediaspellbound（被符咒镇住的）untiltheIowaCaucus（核心成员）.Hisecstatic（狂喜的;入迷的）rallying（集会）calltosupportersafterhisIowadefeat–dubbed（=called/said）his“Ihaveascream”speech–playedterriblyonTVandwasshownoverandoveragain.Dean'scampaignneverrecovered（恢复）.Themedianeedthecandidates’advertisingmoneyandheadline-making（成为热门新闻）abilityandaretherebyinfluencedbybusinessconsiderations（处于商业利益的考虑）.However,becauseviewersdecidewhatthemediaconsidernewsbytheir“consumervotes”oftuningin（收视率）toonestationoroutofanother,orchoosingbetweennewspapers,themediaisalsoapipeline（渠道）fromthepeople,aspublicappetites（胃口）shape（=form）politicalbehaviorandlaws.

Exactlyhowgreataninfluencethemediahaveinvotereducationandpoliticalsocialization（=publicity政治宣传）–helpingpeopledeterminehowtheyshouldvote（引导舆论）andwheretheyfitintogovernment–isdebatable（值得争论的话题）,yettheinfluenceisclear（=obvious/apparent显而易见的）.TheFederalElectionCommissionestimates（n.估计）showthatHouseandSenatorialcandidatesraisedandspent$1.4billiononelectioncampaignsinthe2003–4electioncycle（回合）.Muchofthis$1.4billionwentonmediaexposure（用于媒体宣传）（FEC,2004a）.