when globalization and local collid.docx
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whenglobalizationandlocalcollid
WhenGlobalInformationandLocalInteractionCollide
[Thisisaroughcriboftheactualtalk.]
Citation:
boyd,danah.2006."G/localization:
WhenGlobalInformationandLocalInteractionCollide."O'ReillyEmergingTechnologyConference,SanDiego,CA.March6.
INTRODUCTION
Goodafternoon.Mynameisdanahboydandi'maPhDstudentatUC-BerkeleyandaresearcheratYahoo!
ResearchBerkeley.
Mytalktodayisabout"glocalization,"oneofthemostgrotesquewordsthatacademicshavemanagedtocoin.Thetermitselfhasmanyinterestingrootsineconomics,socialnetworksandperformancestudies.Whatthetermmeansineachisactuallyquitedifferent.Forthoseofyoufamiliarwithoneormultipleofthedisciplinarydefinitions,iwanttoaskyoutoputasideyourknowledge.Forthepurposeofthistalk,iamgoingtoworkfromtheviscerallinguisticandcognitiveimpressionthatthistermconveysratherthananydisciplinarydefinition.
Glocalizationistheuglinessthatensueswhentheglobalandlocalareshoveduncomfortablyintothesameconcept.Itdoesn'tsitwellonyourpalette,itdoesn'thaveaniceeuphoricring.Itimpliesallsortsoflinguisticandcognitivediscomfort.Thisisthestateoftheglobalandlocalindigitalcommunities.Wehaveallsortsoflocalculturesconnectedthroughaglobalnetwork,resultinginallsortsofuglytensions.Designerswhoworkwithnetworksmustfacethesetensionsanddesigntotakeadvantageoftheglobalwhilenotdestroyingthelocal.Thisisaheftychallengeandonethatiwantustodiveinto.
Iwanttotalkaboutwhatitmeanstoconnecttheglobalandlocaltogetherintechnologyandhowthisaffectsthedesignprocess.Iwanttotalkaboutwhysocialsoftwaremustaddressglocalizationinordertosucceed.Thismeansthinkingaboutallsortsofsquishystufflikelanguage,economics,policy,culture,socialrelations,andvalues.Thesearenotjustissuesformarketingorbusiness;theydirectlyaffecthowpeopleuseyourtechnologiesand,thus,howyoumustdesignthem.
Thedigitalerahasallowedustocrossspaceandtime,engagewithpeopleinafar-offtimezoneasthoughtheywerejustnextdoor,dobusinesswithpeoplearoundtheworld,anddevelopinformationsystemsthatpotentiallynetworkusallcloserandclosereveryday.Yet,peopledon'tliveinaglobalworld-theyaremoreconcernedwiththeculturesinwhichtheyparticipate.
Togetatthisissue,iamgoingtobeginbydiscussingthesignificanceofculture.Iwillmovefromtheretotalkingabouthowcultureemergesinonlinecommunitiesandthevariouschallengesthatexist.Iwillofferaframeworkfordesigningwithcultureinmind-embeddedobservation.Iwillthenbackandanddiscusssomeoftheissuesthatarecurrentlyatplayinglocalizedcommunitiesandwhytechnologysolutionsfailtosolvetheproblems.Finally,iwillconcludewithsomebroaderdesignconsiderations.
WHATISCULTURE?
Let'sbeginwithculture.Cultureisthesetofvalues,normsandartifactsthatinfluencepeople'slivesandworldview.Cultureisembeddedinmaterialobjectsandinconceptualframeworksabouthowtheworldworks.
Ineverydayspeech,weoftenspeakof"differentcultures"toimplypeoplefromdifferentnation-statesorwhospeakdifferentlanguages.Whatisimportantinthinkingaboutculturesisnotthelocationortongueofthepopulation,butwhatsharedculturalframeworkspeoplehave.Forexample,thereisaJewishculturethatcrossesnationalitiesandlanguages,butsharesmanyofthesamevaluesandculturalframings.
Peopleareapartofmultiplecultures-themostobviousofwhichareconstructedbyreligionandnationality,butthereareallsortsofculturesthatformfromidentitiesandcommunitiesofpractice.Forexample,manyofyouintheroomcomefromageekculture.Identificationandparticipationinthatculturemeanssharingacertainsetofculturalvaluesandideasabouthowtheworldshouldwork.Therearecommonaestheticsandterminology,makingiteasiertoidentifyeachother.Justlookforgeekyt-shirtsorpeopletalkingaboutAJAX.
Culturalnormsevolveovertime,influencedbypeople,theirpractices,andtheirenvironment.Cultureiswrittenintolawandlawsinfluencetheevolutionofculture.Culturesdeveloptheirownsymbolsasawayofconveyinginformation.Often,thesesymbolsmakesensetothosewithinaculturebutarenotparsabletothoseoutside.Partofbecomingindoctrinatedintoacultureislearningthesymbolsofthatculture.I'msurethatthoseofyouwhohaveworkedinlargecorporationshavehadyourfairshareofTLAsandorgchartstofigureout.Therearestagestothisprocess-curiosityandadeepdesiretoknow,irritationattheinanenessoftheorganization,andthenembodimentoftheculturalsymbols.Inthesecondstage,manypeoplevowtomaketheprocesseasierforthenextperson.ListsofTLAsarecreatedandorgchartsarewrittendown.Andyet,evenwiththesemapsinhand,newcomersgothroughthesamestepsbecausebecomingpartofacultureisnotjusthavinginformation,butturningitintonormativeunderstandingofhowtheworldworks.ItmeansmakingtheTLAssonaturalthatit'spartofyoureverydayvocabulary.
Youallhaveculturalframesthataffecthowyouseetheworld,butmostofthetime,youprobablydon'tspendthatmuchtimethinkingaboutthenormsthatyou'veembodied.Oneexceptionformostpeopleistraveling.Goingtoaforeignculturewhereeveryoneelseviewstheworlddifferentlyoftenmakespeoplethinkabouttheirownassumptionsbecausetheyarefacedwithvastlydifferentones.Atthesametime,whenforeignersappearinyourculture,theyjustseemweirdbecausemostofthepeoplearoundyoushareyourviews.
Whenmassmediabegan,peopleassumedthatwewouldallconvergeupononeglobalculture.Whilethemediahashadaneffect,completehomogenizationhasnotoccurred.Anditwillnot.Whilesomevaluesspreadandareadopteden-masse,culturesformwithinthemassculturetodifferentiatesmallergroupsofpeople.Style-drivensubculturesarethemostvisibleformofthis,butitoccursincompaniesandinothersocialgatherings.
There'salotmorethaticouldsayaboutculturebuttimeisshort.Whatiwantyoutoholdontoistheunderstandingthattherearenumerousculturalforcesaffectingyourlifeatalltimes.Howyouseetheworldandhowyoudesignorbuildtechnologyisgreatlyinfluencedbythevariousculturalconceptsyouholdonto.
BUILDINGCULTURE
Culturemanifestsitselfinanyandallsocialtechnologiesandonlinecommunities.Backintheday,rec.motorcycleshadavastlydifferentculturethanrec.golf.Needlesstosay,theculturesoftheseonlinecommunitieswerehighlyaffectedbytheofflineculturesoftheparticipants.PeoplegatheredinUsenetbecauseofsharedinterestbutalsobecauseofsharedculturalnorms.Culturaldifferencesamongstpeoplewithsimilarinterestsoftenresultedinflamewars,andeventually,thecreationofseparateonlinecommunitiestohandlethedistinctcultures.NowherewasthismorenoticeablethaninthenewsgroupsabouttheMiddleEast-peoplewithdifferentculturalunderstandingshadahardtimecommunicatingtoeachotherbecausetheydidnotunderstandthefoundationalvaluesthattheirargumentsrestedon.
TwotypesofsocialsoftwarewerebuiltintheearlyroundsoftheInternet.Therewasgenericsoftwaresothatanyonlinecommunitycouldmaketheirownspace.Think:
Usenet,mailinglists,IRC.Therewasalsoveryspecificsoftwarebuiltforspecificcommunitiesofinterest.Think:
theWell,Palace,Barbelith.Sure,thesoftwarebehindthesecommunitiescould'vebeenusedforothercommunities,buttheinitialinstantiationwasdevelopedalongsidethecommunitythatitwasfocusedon.
Today,wearetryingtobuildawholenewlevelofsocialcommunities.Somefolksarebuildingmoreopensocialplatformssothatparticipantscanmodifythestructurestomeettheirownneeds.OneoftheproblemswithUsenetisthatitwasonesizefitsallparadigm;therewasnowaytoreallypersonalizethearchitecturetomeetaparticularcommunity'sneeds.Atthesametime,weareseeingsomeofthelargestexercisesinspecializedcommunitysoftware.Justliketheearlierspecializedsites,thenewdesignersareevolvingthesystemswiththeusers.ThebigdifferenceisthatthereareaLOTmoreusersandthegoalistogrowaLOTbigger.
Iwanttoaskyoutothinkaboutthedynamicsbehindthreeofthem:
Craigslist,FlickrandMySpace.
CRAIGSLIST,FLICKRandMYSPACE
WhenCraigslistbegan,itwasoriginallyCraig'sList.Itwashisfriendsandtheirfriends.Asitgrew,peoplestillknewthattherewasthispersonCraigsomewherewhowasafriendofafriendandthathecaredaboutthesystem.Craigdoesexist.Histitleis"CustomerServiceRep."Althoughhefoundedthissiteandhashiredmanyemployees,he'sstilldeeplyinvestedinunderstandingwhathisusersaredoing.Hereadsemailallday,respondsdirectlytoconcerns.Hewatcheswhatpeopledowiththesiteanddevelopstomaketheirliveseasier.ThesiteisinfusedwithCraig'spersonality,passionandquirks.
WhenFlickrfirststarted,StewartandCaterinawelcomedyoupersonally.Theyintroducedyoutootherusersonthesystemandaskedforyourfeedback.Whilethispracticehasstopped,theyarestillverypresentonthesystem.Whenthereareproblems,StewartwritesamessageontheFlickrblogusingaverypersonalapologetictone.Itsoundslikehemeansit.Becausehe_does_.ThecontentonFlickrhasagoofyflairtoit-itisnotglossyandformulaic.Userslovethetenorofthismaterial,butit'snotsomemarketingploy.ThefolksatFlickrreallylovethe