南京各景点英文导游词.docx

南京各景点英文导游词.docx

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南京各景点英文导游词

Dr.SunYatsen’sMausoleum

AmongthehistoricalandculturalattractionsinNanjing,thebestknownisDr.SunYatsen’sMausoleum.

Dr.SunYatsen’sMausoleumsitsonthesouthernslopeofthePurpleMountainintheeasternsuburbsofthecity. DesignedbyayoungarchitectLuYanzhi,themausoleumtookmorethan3yearstobuildandcost1.5millionsilverdollars. TheconstructionbeganonMarch12,1926andcompletedin1929whenDr.SunYatsenwasburiedthereonJune1. 

Dr.SunYatsen,alsonamedSunWenorSunZhongshan,isconsideredasthefatheroftheChinesedemocraticrevolution. BorninapeasantfamilyinGuangdongProvincein1866,hehadhisprimaryeducationinHonolulu,Hawaiisponsoredbyhiselderbrotherfrom1878to1883. Hewassosadwhenhesawthepovertyofthecountryuponhisreturn. Chinahadbeenasuperpowerforcenturies.ButsincethemiddleofQingDynastyinthe1800’s,Chinabegantodecline,whichowedagreatdealtothecorruptionsandincompetenceoftheQinggovernment.Foreigninvasionsandpeasantrebellionsmadeitevenworse. TheOpiumWarin1840endedwiththe“TreatyofNanjing”. Chinawasforcedtopayanindemnityof21millionsilverdollarsandcedeHongKongtotheGreatBritainandopen5freeportcitiestothewesterners,whichwereGuangzhou,Xiamen,Fuzhou,NingboandShanghai. FollowingwerethewarsagainlaunchedbyFrancein1883andJapanin1894. TheChinesepeoplelivedinamiserablelife. Theywerereferredtothe“sickmanoftheOrient”bythewesterners. Dr.SunYatsendreamedtosavethenationbypracticingmedicineandthatledhimtoHongKongtolearnmedicinewhenhewas21yearsold. However,itdidnotwork. TherealitymadehimgiveuphismedicalcareerinhishometownandMacaobutturntopoliticsin1893.

Fromthenon,hekeptpetitioningtotheQinggovernmentforreformsbutwasneverresponded. Atgreatdisappointment,heleftthecountrylaterandwentcanvassingextensivelyintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,EuropeandJapan,tryingtowinthesympathyandsupportfromtheoverseasChinese. Withthefundsraised,heorganized“ReviveChinaLeague”-China’sfirstbourgeoisorganization. Thefollowing1905witnessedthefoundingofthe“ChineseRevolutionaryLeague”headedbyDr.SunYatsen,apartywithaclear-cutprogramof“ExpelTartars,RestoreChina,EstablishRepublic&EqualizeLand.” Dr.SunYatsenalsoputforth3democraticprinciplesof“Nationalism,Democracy&People’sLivelihood”ashispoliticalgoal. ThearmedmovementsagainsttheQinggovernmenttookplacecontinuously.

Themostimportanteventfollowingwasthe1911RevolutioninWuhanledbyDr.SunYatsen,whichdrovethelastemperoroftheQingDynastyoutoftheForbiddenCityinBeijing,markingtheendoftheolddynasticsysteminChina. Inthesameyear,therepresentativesof17provincesmetinNanjingandelectedDr.SunYatsenpresidentoftheprovisionalgovernmentoftheRepublicofChina. OnJanuary1,1912itwasinNanjingwherethefirstrepublicinChinesehistorywasfoundedandDr.SunYatseninauguratedhispresidency.

Unfortunatelythenewrepublicwasthreatenedbypowerfulwarlordsinthenorth. Toavoidpoliticalcrisisandsavetherepublic,Dr.SunYatsencompromisedconditionallywiththemajornorthernwarlordnamedYuanShikaiwhohadbeenpursuingthenationalpowerforalongtime. HeresignedattheendofMarch1912,butneverstoppedpursuinghisgoal.

Soonafterthat,Chinawentintochaoticcivilwarsagain. Thesituationledtoaseriesofmovementslike“theSecondRevolution,”“SavetheRepublic,”“RestoretheLegislation”and“theNorthernExpeditions”inthefollowingyears. Dr.SunYatsenspentmostofhistimedealingwithwarlords. Notuntil1921,Dr.SunYatsenresumedhispresidencyinGuangzhou. AttheFirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangin1924,headoptedthepolicyof“AlliancewithRussiaandCommunists,AssistancetoPeasantsandWorkers”andofficiallyacknowledgedthecooperationbetweentheNationalistPartyandCommunistPartyinrunningthegovernment.

InNovemberof1924,Dr.SunYatsen,despitehispoorhealth,madeanexpeditiontothenorthwithhisambitiontoeliminatewarlords,expelimperialistsandabrogateunequaltreaties. HewaswarmlygreetedbythousandsofpeopleuponhisarrivalinBeijing. Hemetwithmanypoliticiansandwarlords,tryingtopersuadethemtogetunitedtobuildanewChina. Buttheresultdidnotlookoptimistic. Hebecameverysickduetohardworkandhadtobehospitalized. Thediagnosisturnedouthewassufferinganadvanced-stagelivercancer. Whenherealizeditwouldnotbeverylongforhimtostayinthisworld,hedictatedhisassistant3lastwills,onetohisparty,onetotheRussiangovernmentandtheothertohiswifeMadamSongQingling. OnMarch12,1925Dr.SunYatsenpassedawayinBeijingUnionHospital.

Dr.SunYatsenisagreatmanbecausehedevoted40yearsofhislifetopursuinghisdreamtooverthrowthefeudalmonarchyandbuildanuntieddemocraticChina.

WhywasDr.SunYatsenburiedinNanjinginsteadofinhishometownorBeijingwherehedied?

 ThemausoleumsitewasfirstrecommendedtoDr.SunYatsenbytheabbotofLingguTempleforitsgoodgeomanticomen. OnedayinApril,1912whenhewenthuntingtothesitewithhisfriends,Dr.SunYatsenwasreallysoamazedbythebeautifulenvironmentthathewishedthepeoplewouldallowhimtobeburiedthereafterhisdeath. Heexpressedthisdesireagaininhissickbedin1925.

Dr.SunYatsen’sMausoleumisdesignedintheshapeofalibertybell,intendingtoremindpeoplenevertogetself-contented. Thewholearchitecture,fromthegateway,tothemainentrance,tabletpavilion,memorialhallandthetombvault,liesonthenorth-southaxiswith392stepsand10platformsinbetween. Thebuildingsareallconstructedwithnaturalgraniteandmarblesandcoveredbyblueglazed-tileroofs.

Oppositetothebronzeincense-burneroffthesquare,standsthe12-metrehighgatewayofthreearcheswithDr.SunYatsen’shandwriting“Fraternity”carvedonitsfronttop. The480-meterlongtombavenue,linedwithpine,gingkoandmapletrees,leadstothemainentrance. Dr.SunYatsen’smotto“TheWorldBelongstothePeople”canbeseenrightabovethedoorinthemiddle. Walkingthroughit,thefirstbuildingyouwillseeisthetabletpavilionwhichhousesahugetombstone.Thetombstoneisengravedwith“PremierDr.SunisburiedherebytheChineseNationalistPartyonJune1,1929.” Fromthere,apanoramicviewofthememorialhallcanbeobtained. However,therearestill290stepstogobeforeyoureachthememorialhallonthetop. Thememorialhallstands73.33metersabovetheground.InthecenterofthememorialhallsitstheItalianwhitemarblestatueofDr.SunYatsenmountedonapedestalcarvedinbas-reliefbyaPolishsculptor. ThesurroundingwallsareinscribedwiththenationalconstitutionwrittenbyDr.SunYatsen. Beyondthememorialhallisthetombvault.Standingbythepoolinside,ifyoulookdown,youbowtoseeDr.SunYatsen’srecliningmarblestatuewithhisbodyburied5metersunderneath. Ifyoulookup,youfindtheemblemoftheNationalistPartyontheceiling.

Whenyouwrapupyourhomagetourandstepdown,youwillnotonlyenjoyabird’s-eyeviewofbeautifulNanjing,butalsofeeltotallyrelievedbecauseyoudonotseeanymorethose392stepsyouhaveconquered. Notuntilthen,youwillnotunderstandhowgreatDr.SunYatsenis.

MingTomb

The600-year-oldMingTomb,lyingatthesouthernfootofthePurpleMountain,isthetombforZhuYuanzhang,thefirstemperoroftheMingDynastyfrom1368to1398. 

BornintoapoorpeasantfamilyinFengyangCounty,AnhuiProvincein1328,ZhuYuanzhanglosthisparentsinhischildhoodandbecameamonkatHuangjueTemple.In1352,hejoinedtheRedTurbanArmyledbyGuoZixin.HemarriedGuoZixin’sadopteddaughterandbecamethecommandinggenerallater.ZhuYuanzhangtookoverNanjingin1356andmadeitthecapitalin1368whenheconqueredtherestpartsofChinaandestablishedtheMingDynasty.

     ZhuYuanzhangbegantohavehistombbuiltin1381whenhiswifedied.Theempresswasburiedinthetombin1383.ButEmperorZhuYuanzhangdiedin1398andwasburiedhereinthesameyear.

     Nowwearereachingthetombgate,knownasGrandGoldenGate.MingTombisdividedintotwoparts.ThefirstpartisfromHorseDismountingArchGatetoLinxinGate,1800meterslong,servingasthetombavenue.Thesecondpartisthetombitself.Therewasoriginallyagrandredwall,22.5kilometerslong,enclosingthewholetombarea.Thetombcomplexwasverylargewithmanysplendidbuildings.100000pineswereplantedand1000deerraisedinside.Unfortunately,thislargegroupofbuildingswasruinedduringthewartime,oncebetweentheMingandQingDynastiesandtheothertimewhenTaipingPeasantArmywassuppressedbytheQingDynastyarmy.Allthewoodenstructuresweredestroyed.Howeverwecanstillseetheexquisitestonecarvingsfromthestonebasesandimaginehowitlookedlike600yearsago.

     AttheHorseDismountingArchGate,theinscriptioncanbeseen"Alltheofficialsmustdismountfromtheirhorsebackshere".ThisshowstheabsolutedignityofEmperorZhuYuanzhangatthattime.

     Hereweareatthesquarecity,alsocalledthestonetablethouse.Itstopisgonebutthesurroundingwallsandfourarchwaysarestillremaining,justlikeacastle.TheGreatMingDynastyWonderfulAchievementsandMeritsTablet,8.78metershigh,builtin1413bythethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty,isthehighestancienttabletinNanjing.Therearealtogether2746Chine