医学考博真题.docx

医学考博真题.docx

《医学考博真题.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《医学考博真题.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

医学考博真题

Listening：

无

Vocabulary：

SectionA

31.AccordingtotheGeneva______noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.

A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines

32.Environmentalofficialsinsistthatsomethingbedoneto______acidrain.

A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn

33.Itisimpossibletosayhowitwilltakeplace,becauseitwillhappen______,anditwillnotbealongprocess.

A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneously

C.principallyD.approximately

34.Diabetesisoneofthemost______andpotentiallydangerousdiseaseintheworld.

A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent

35.Rheumatologistadvisesthatthosewithongoingachesandpainsfirstseekmedicalhelpto______theproblem.

A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate

36.Howisitpossiblethatsuch______deceptionhascometotakeplacerightunderournoses?

A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread

37.NowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfrom______onearthratherthanbacteriaonMars.

A.configurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination

38.Chronichigh-doseintakeofvitaminAhasbeenshowntohave______effectsonbones.

A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful

39.Generally,vaccinemakers_____thevirusinfertilizedchickeneggsinaprocessthatcantakefourtosixmonths.

A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate

40.Wearemuchquickertorespond,andwerespondfartooquicklybygiving______toouranger.

A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence

SectionB

41.Thepatient'sconditionhasworsenedsincelastnight.

A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed

42.BeijingTelevision-StationTransmittingTowerreallylooksmagnificentatnightwhenit’slitup.

A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained

43.Attemptstorestrictparkinginthecitycentrehavefurtheraggravatedtheproblemoftrafficcongestion.

A.amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated

44.Theapplicationsofgeneticengineeringareabundantandchoosingoneappropriateforthiscasecanberatherdifficult.

A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable

45.Thedefectoccursinthefirsteightweeksofpregnancy,thoughnooneunderstandswhy.

A.deficitB.deviationC.drawbackD.discrepancy

46.Hehasbeenonhormonealternatetherapyforfouryearsandlooksfantastic.

A.successorB.replacementC.surrogateD.choice

47.Ithadover2,000apartmentcomplexes,agreatmarket,alargenumberofindustrialworkshops,anadministrativecenter,anumberofmassivereligiousedifices,andaregulargridpatternofstreetsandbuildings.

A.ancientB.carefully

C.verylargeD.carefullyprotected

48.Whenpatientsspendextendedperiodsinhospital,theytendtobecomeoverlydependentandloseinterestintakingcareofthemselves.

A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly

49.Theanxiousparentwasvigilantovertheinjuredchildinspiteofafullarrayofemergencyroomofdoctorsandnurses.

A.preoccupiedB.unwaryC.watchfulD.dozing

50.Thedoctorvacillatedsofrequentlyondisease-preventiontechniquesthathiscolleaguesaccusedhimofinconsistency.

A.waveredB.instigatedC.experimentedD.relied

Cloze

Wespendalotoftimelookingattheeyesofothersforsocial51—ithelpsusunderstandaperson’emotions,andmakedecisionsabouthowtorespondtothem.Wealsoknowthatadultsavoideyecontactwhenanxious.Butresearchershaveknownfar52abouteyegazingpatternsinchildren.

AccordingtonewresearchbyKalinaMichalska,assistantprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,wenow,knowthatanxiouschildrentendtoavoidmakingeyecontact,andthishasconsequencesforhowtheyexperiencefear.The53andlessfrequentlytheylookattheeyesofothers,themorelikelytheyaretobeafraidofthem,evenwhentheremaybenoreasontobe.Herstudy,“AnxietySymptomsandChildren'sEyeGazeDuringFearLeaming”,waspublishedinthejournalTheJournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry.

"Lookingatsomeone’seyeshelpsusunderstandwhetherapersonisfeelingsad,angry,fearful,orsurprised.Asadults,wethenmakedecisionsabouthowtorespondandwhattodonext.But,weknowmuchlessabouteyepatternsinchildren—so,understandingthosepatternscanhelpuslearnmoreaboutthedevelopmentofsociallearning,”Michalskasaid.

Michalskaandtheteamofresearchersshowed82children,9to13yearsold,imagesoftwowomen’sfacesonacomputerscreen.Thecomputerwasequippedwithaneyetrackingdevicethatallowedthemtomeasure54onthescreenchildrenwerelooking,andforhowlong.Theparticipantswereoriginallyshowneachofthetwowomenatotaloffourtimes.Next,oneoftheimageswas55withaloudscreamandafearfulexpression,andtheotheronewasnot.Attheend,childrensawbothfacesagainwithoutanysoundorscream.

Thefollowingthreeconclusionscanbedrawnfromthestudy:

1.Allchildrenspentmoretimelookingattheeyesofafacethatwaspairedwiththeloudscreamthanthefacethatwasnotpairedwiththescream,56theypayattentiontopotentialthreatsevenintheabsenceofoutwardcues.

2.Childrenwhoweremoreanxiousavoidedeyecontactduringallthreephasesoftheexperiment,forbothkindsoffaces.Thishadconsequencesforhowafraidtheywereofthefaces.

3.Themorechildrenavoidedeyecontact；themoreafraidtheywere57thefaces.

Theconclusionssuggestthatchildrenspendmoretimelookingattheeyesofafacewhenpreviouslypairedwithsomethingfrighteningsuggestingtheypaymoreattentiontopotentiallythreateninginformationasawaytolearnmoreaboutthesituationandplanwhattodonext.

However,anxiouschildrentendtoavoidmakingeyecontact,whichleadstogreater58experience.Eventhoughavoidingeyecontactmayreduceanxiety59,thestudyfindsthat—overtime—childrenmaybemissingout60_importantsocialinformation.Thisincludesthatapersonmaynolongerbethreateningorscary,andyetthechildcontinuesfeelingfearfulofthatperson.

51.A.environmentB.cuesC.relationsD.answers

52.A.lessB.moreC.enoughD.beyond

53.A.longerB.moreanxiousC.shorterD.more

54.A.whereB.whenC.howD.what

55.A.followedB.recordedC.pairedD.marked

56.A.suggestB.suggestingC.suggestsD.beingsuggested

57.A.toB.ofC.atD.about

58.A.fearB.surpriseC.sadD.angry

59.A.inthelongrunB.foralongtime

C.intheshorttimeD.inalongtime

60.A.withB.withoutC.ofD.on

ReadingComprehension

PassageOne

TheBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbymaintainsthatseparationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive“attachment”periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild’spersonalityandpredisposetoemotionalproblemsinlaterlife.

SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby'sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitentails,andmanypeopledobelievethis.Ithasbeenarguedthataninfantunderthreewhoiscaredforoutsidethehomemaysufferbecauseoftheseparationfromhisparents.Buttherearealsoargumentsagainstsuchastrongconclusion.

Buttraditionalsocietiesaresodifferentfrommodemsocietiesthatcomparisonsbasedonjustonefactorarehardtointerpret.Firstly,anthropologistspointoutthattheinsulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodemsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.Forexample,insometribalsocieties,suchastheNgoni,thefatherandmotherofachilddidnotreartheirinfantalone—farfromit.

Certainty,Bowlby’sanalysisraisesthepossibilitiesthatearlydaycarehaddelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto,say,morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercanonlyexploredbytheuseofstatistics.However,statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeencarriedout,andeveniftheywere,theresultswouldcertainlybecomplicatedandcontroversial.Secondly,commonsensetellsusthatdaycarewouldnotbesowidespreadtodayifparents,care-takersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.Thirdly,inthelastdecade,therehavebeenanumberofcarefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare,andtheyhaveuniformlyreportedthatcarehadaneutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren’sdevelopment.

Whateverthelong-termeffects,parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodealwith.Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy，andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfarfromclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicateearlycareisreasonableforinfants.

61.Accordingtothepassage,theconsequenceofparentalseparation________.

A.stillneedsmorestatisticalstudies

B.hasbeenfoundnegativeismoreserious

C.isobvious

D.inmodemtimes

62.TheauthorthinksthatJohnBowlby’sconcern___________.

A.isrelevantandjustifiable

B.istoostrongtoRelieve

C.isutterlygroundless

D.hassomethingthatdeserveourattention

63.What’stheresultofAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycareinthelastdecade?

A.Thechildren’sunhappinessandprotestwasduetothedaycarethechildrenreceived.

B.Thebadeffectsofparentalseparationwerehardtodealwith.

C.Theeffectofdaycarewasnotnecessarilynegativeonchildren’sdevelopment.

D.Earlycarewasreasonableforbabiessinceit’spracticedbysomanypeoplenowadays.

64