考研英语真题及答案.docx

考研英语真题及答案.docx

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考研英语真题及答案

2008年考研英语真题及答案

2008年考研英语真题及答案

　　SectionⅠUseofEnglish

　　Directions：

　　Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordforeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedMuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.

　　5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.

　　ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa（an）17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.

　　1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased

　　2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare

　　3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against

　　4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately

　　5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence

　　6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk

　　7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects

　　8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question

　　9.[A]attaining[B]common[C]mean[D]calculating

　　10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total

　　11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably

　　12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers

　　13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve

　　14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile

　　15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown

　　16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing

　　17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument

　　18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined

　　19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed

　　20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuous

　　SectionⅡReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text1

　　Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork''sVeteran''sAdministrationHospital.

　　Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectsthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries（thefemalereproductiveorgans）removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.

　　Addingtoawoman''sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreasedopportunitiesforstress.It''snotnecessarilythatwomendon''tcopeaswell.It''sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,saysDr.Yehuda.Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen''s,sheobserves,It''sjustthatthey''redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.

　　Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilynumbers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.

　　AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwaddeterminedtofinishcollege.Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.It''sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.

　　NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez''sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.

　　21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

　　[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.

　　[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.

　　[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.

　　[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.

　　22.Dr.Yehuda''sresearchsuggeststhatwomen

　　[A]Needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

　　[B]Havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.

　　[C]Aremorecapableofavoidingstress.

　　[D]Areexposedtomorestress.

　　23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe

　　[A]domesticandtemporary.

　　[B]irregularandviolent.

　　[C]durableandfrequent.

　　[D]trivialandrandom.

　　24.ThesentenceIlivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.（Line6,Para.5）showsthat

　　[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.

　　[B]Alvarez''ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.

　　[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.

　　[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.

　　25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

　　[A]StrainofStress:

NoWayOut?

　　[B]ResponsestoStress:

GenderDifference

　　[C]StressAnalysis:

WhatChemicalsSay

　　[D]GenderInequality:

WomenUnderStress

　　Text2

　　Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthorsnamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

　　Nolonger.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD）hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

　　Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

　　Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemaininstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

　　26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses

　　[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

　　[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

　　[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

　　[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

　　27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

　　[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

　　[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.

　　[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournal