外文文献翻译基于单片机的频率计设计本科学位论文.docx
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外文文献翻译基于单片机的频率计设计本科学位论文
原文:
ThisdesigntakeatMCS-51monolithicintegratedcircuitasthecorefullusehardwaresourcedesign'sonekindoffrequencymeter,thisfrequencymeterwillbemeasuredfirstthatsignalenlargementreshapingprocessing,turnssatisfiesTTL/whichthemonolithicintegratedcircuitI/OmouthacceptstheCMOScompatiblesignalfrommonolithicintegratedcircuit'sT1inputportinputdirectsummationpulsenumber,themonolithicintegratedcircuitinteriortimerfixedtimeis1S,bynowaccumulatedthepulsenumbernamelyforismeasuredthesignalthefrequency.Finallypassesthroughmonolithicintegratedcircuitprocessingtodelivertothelcdliquidcrystaldisplaymonitordemonstration.
CentralProcessingUnitDesigns
TheCPUisthekeycomponentofadigitalcomputer.Itspurposeistodecodeinstructionreceivedfrommemoryandperformtransfers,arithmetic,logic,andcontroloperationswithdatastoredininternalregisters,memory,orI/Ointerfaceunits.Externally,theCPUprovidesoneormorebusesfortransferringinstructions,data,andcontrolinformationtoandfromcomponentsconnectedtoit.Inthegenericcomputeratthebeginningofchapter1,theCPUisapartoftheprocessorandisheavilyshaded.CPUs,however,mayalsoappearincomputers.Small,relativelysimplecomputerscalledmicrocontrollersareusedincomputersandinotherdigitalsystemstoperformlimitedorspecializedtasks.Forexample,amicrocontrollerispresentinthekeyboardandinthemonitorinthegenericcomputer;thus,thesecomponentsarealsoshaded.Insuchmicrocontrollers,theCPUmaybequitedifferentfromthosediscussedinthischapter.Thewordlengthsmaybeshort(say,fouroreightbits),thenumberofregisterssmall,andtheinstructionsetslimited.Performanee,relativelyspeaking,ispoor,butadequateforthetask.Mostimportant,thecostofthesemicrocontrollersisverylow,makingtheirusecosteffective.
Inthefollowingpages,weconsidertwocomputerCPUs,oneforacomplexinstructionsetcomputer(CISC)andtheotherforareducedinstructionsetcomputer(RISC).Afteradetailedexaminationofthedesigns,wecomparetheperformaneeofthetwoCPUsandpresentabriefoverviewofsomemethodsusedtoenhancethatperformanee.Finally,werelatethedesignideasdiscussedtogeneraldigitalsystemdesign.
1、Thecomplexinstructionsetcomputer
Thefirstdesignwepresentisforacomplexinstructionsetcomputerwithanon-pipelineddatapathandmicroprogrammedcontrolunit.Webeginbydescribingtheinstructionsetarchitecture,includingtheCPUregisterset,instructionformats,andaddressingmodes.The
CISCnatureoftheinstructionsetarchitectureisdemonstratedbyitsmemory-to-memoryaccessfordatamanipulationinstructions,eightaddressingmodes,twoinstructionformatlengths,andinstructionsthatrequiresignificantsequencesofoperationsfortheirexecution.
WedesignadatapathforimplementingtheCISCarchitecture.ThedatapathisbasedontheoneinitiallydescribedinSection7-9andincorporatedintoaCPUinsection8-10.modificationsaremadetotheregisterfile,thefunctionunit,andthebusestosupportthepresentinstructionsetarchitecture.
Oncethedatapathhasbeenspecified,acontrolunitisdesignedtocompletetheimplementationoftheinstructionsetarchitecture.Thedesignofthecontrolunitmustinvolveacoordinateddefinitionofboththehardwareorganizationandthemicroprogramorganization.Inparticular,dividingthemicroprogramintomicroroutines,whileatthesametimedesigningthesequencerwithwhichtheyinteract,isakeypartofthedesign.Eventheinstructionfieldsandopposedaretiedtothiscoordinatedeffort.Followingthedefinitionofthehardwareandmicrocodeorganizations,wedetailessentialpartsofthemicrocodeandthemicroroutinesforrepresentativeoperations.
Instructionsetarchitecture
Figure10-1showstheCISCregistersetaccessibletotheprogrammer.Allregistershave16bits.Theregisterfilehaseightregisters,ROthoughR7.R0isaspecialregisterthatalwayssuppliesthevaluezerowhenitisusedasasourceanddiscardstheresultwhenitisusedasadestination.
□FIGURE10-1
CPURegisterDiagrGmForCISC
Inadditionaltotheregisterfile,thereisaprogramcounterPCandstackpointerSP.Thepresenceofastackpointerindicatesthatamemorystackisapartofthearchitecture.thefinalregisteristheprocessorstatusregistePSRwhichcontainsinformationonlyinitsrightmostthefivebits;theremainderoftheregisterisassumedtocontainzero.ThePSRcontainsthefourstoredstatusbitvaluesZ,N,C,andVinpositions3through0,respectively.Inadditional,astoredi