考博英语语法重点总结1.docx

考博英语语法重点总结1.docx

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考博英语语法重点总结1

考博英语语法重点总结（供参考）

独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装

独立主格特征

1.充当句子的状语。

2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。

3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+分词

4.  With+名词（代词）+分词（形容词）

例：

a）Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome.

b）Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted.

c）heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen（holdingarifle）.

真题剖析

（1995）45cliffsnolongercrumbling,thebeachesare  46  ofthematerialwhichwould  47  feedthem.

  45.A.For  B.As    C.With    D.Because

练习：

Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf__7__fromthedoor,theworld__8__yourthesisadviser,teamleader,orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,perhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo__9__youreallywanttodo.

8.A.is    B.having      C.being      D.be

虚拟语气

1.（should）+动词原形

It+be动词+形容词（-able）（essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable…）+that从句

It+be动词+名词（pity,shame…）+that从句

It+be动词+过去分词（ordered,begged,voted,moved…）+that从句

部分名词/动词（表示建议，劝告，决定等）+that从句

2.It’s（high,about）timethat+动词过去式

    wouldrather+动词过去式

真题剖析

（1997）…Iwouldn’tbetruthfulifI  47  saythatteachingishardwork.…

  47.A.do  B.did  C.don’t  D.didn’t

（1993）…TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration  52,andthey  53  thattheprofessorbesenthome.

53.A.ordered  B.pleaded  C.decided  D.demanded

练习：

Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimethatwe__15__thismessagetoheart.

15.A.took    B.wouldtake    C.willtake    D.shouldtake

（2003.3）Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersatisfactioneven__54__otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappointing.

（evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.）

54.A.shall  B.will  C.would  D.should

非谓语动词

动名词、分词、不定式。

主动或被动。

（doing/done,todo/tobedone）

发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。

（doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen）

To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。

真题剖析

（2000）…IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies  60  intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers.

60.A.dropped  B.todrop  C.dropping  D.drops

（2001.3）Aheroinaddict,forinstance,leadsa  59  life:

hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosespreventshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways.

59.A.destructive  B.dissatisfied  C.damaged    D.derivative

主谓一致

1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。

  Howyougottheredoesn’tconcernme.

  Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.

2.  表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。

  Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon.  

3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。

4.“分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。

  Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded（theareaisunderwater）.

5.不定代词（one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等）作主语，谓语用单数。

  Everyoneknowsthatyou’vecomehere.

  Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.  （--thing的情况例外）

6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等）

  HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature.

7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。

（or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,not…but,partly…partly等）

  Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.  

8.each,every,manya,no…+主语，谓语用单数。

  ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall.

真题剖析

（2000）…MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCalcuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfrica’scitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,  54ofurbanizationeverrecorded.

  53.A.none  B.few  C.any  D.some  

倒装

全部倒装

1.“There（Here）+be+主语”

  Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict.

  Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks.

2.单个副词（in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then）位于句首（短语动词不可拆，如itblewup.）

  Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.

3.介词短语作状语位于句首

  Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy.

4.表语位于句首

  Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose.

  Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity.

5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文

  Shewasn’tangry,andneitherwasI.

  Peterdoesn’tlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother.

6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语）

  Goneforeverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeignoil.

部分倒装

1.疑问句

2.否定副词（seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly）位于句首（作形容词时例外）

  NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents.

3.“only+状语”位于句首

  Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave.

4.“hardly…when”,“scarcely…when”,“nosooner…than”,“notonly…（butalso）”位于句首

  Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclassbegan.

5.not,no组成的词组位于句首（innoway,underno  circumstances,onnoaccount…）

  Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules.

  Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties.

6.虚拟倒装（had,were,should放到句首）  

7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”

  Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople.

  Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse.

真题剖析

（2000）Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban  46  .

  46.A.way  B.life  C.area  D.people

限定词的用法

1.Both,each,either,neither（只指两个）

2.All,every,each,some,any,no（指两个以上）

3.Some,any,more,（the）most,all,alot,lots,enough,none（复数可数或不可数）

4.Much,（a）little,agood/greatdeal,less,（the）least（不可数）

eg.“Gotanymoney?

”“Noneatall.”

eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?

”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.”

从句为考察重点

（1999）…Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat  51  waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe.…

  51.A.which  B.what  C.it  D.that  

（1998）Theylearnedto  51  theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.  52  theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving  53  ,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,…

  52.A.While  B.When  C.So  D.If

（1993）IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat  45  Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,  46  aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded.

  46.A.though  B.when  C.while  D.andthat

omittingthesubject  

Ratherformaluse

让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。

Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.

Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.

Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.  这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如：

Itwasanunequalmarriage,althoughastableandlong-lastingone.  

  Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour.

WHILE

1.    HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith.

2.    IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV.

3.    WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar.

AND

1.oftenusedtolinkclauses

Icameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince.

2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone.

Gobytrainandyou’llgettherequicker.

Doasyou’retoldandyou’llbeallright.

WHERE

1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow.

2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived.

3.Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.

4.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree.

5.Now,wherewerewe?

Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn.

6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.（difference）

WHICH

（本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面）

1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday?

NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed.

2.分割句子，补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase.

Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.

Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewon'tarriveforanotherhour.

THAT  多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。

WHAT

（有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句）

1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened.

2.Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared.

3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthat'swhatyouwant.

4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection.

5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs.

AS

1.比较

Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo.

2.作为，正如…We'dbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive.

David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately.

3.看作，看待

Theresultoflastweek'selectionwillbeseenasavictory.

4.当…时候=whileorwhen

IsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus.

5.原因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome.

6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldn'tgetthedooropen.

Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand.

I'dbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum.

Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee.

IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied（=notgiven）theopportunity.

Theopportunitywasdenied（to）meatschool.

Theprestigeisdenied（to）theclassroomteacher.

    Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige.

过去分词与形容词的语义差：

1.Destructive:

causingdamagetopeopleorthings

thedestructivepowerofmodernweapons