GMAT ARGUMENT提纲.docx

GMAT ARGUMENT提纲.docx

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GMATARGUMENT提纲

1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods.

“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits.

1falseanalogy:

Thefoodindustryisnotanalogoustothecolorfilmindustry.

2causaloversimplification:

Otherfactorsthatmaycontributettothecostdeclineoftheprintingcostshouldbeconsideredandruledout.

3gratuitousassumption:

Theconclusionoftheargumentisbasedonagratuitousassumptionthatthecompanycanminimizecostandmaximizeprofitbecausethecompanyhasbeenconductedfor25years.

2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogeeCompany.

“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”

1causaloversimplification:

Itisimprudenttoconcludethattheestablishmentofthefieldofficesistheonlyreasonexplainingthedeclineoftheprofit.

2allthingsareequal:

Thesuccessofthecentralizationofthepastdoesnotguaranteetheapplicabilityinthefuture.

3either-or-orchoice:

Theauthorassumesthatthecentralizationandtheestablishmentoffieldofficesaremutuallyexclusivealternatives,thereisnomiddlegroundbetweentheytwo.Infact,wecanhavethefieldofficesundercentralizedcontrol.

3.Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumissuedbyalargecity’scouncilonthearts.

“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”

1Thesurveyisdoubtful:

untildetailedinformationhasbeengiven.

2causaloversimplification:

Itisgroundlesstosaytheattendanceoftheartmuseumsincreasedbecausepeoplewatchedmorevisualartprogramsduringthepastfiveyearsonlybecausethelatteroccurredcoincidentlywiththeformer.

3allthingsareequal

4gratuitousassumption:

Theauthor’sargumentisbasedonagratuitousassumptionthatthefundofthevisualshouldnotbereducedbecausetheattendanceoftheartmuseumswilldecline.

4.Thefollowingappearedinareportpresentedfordiscussionatameetingofthedirectorsofacompanythatmanufacturespartsforheavymachinery.

“Thefallingrevenuesthatthecompanyisexperiencingcoincidewithdelaysinmanufacturing.Thesedelays,inturn,aredueinlargeparttopoorplanninginpurchasingmetals.Considerfurtherthatthemanagerofthedepartmentthathandlespurchasingofrawmaterialshasanexcellentbackgroundingeneralbusiness,psychology,andsociology,butknowslittleaboutthepropertiesofmetals.Thecompanyshould,therefore,movethepurchasingmanagertothesalesdepartmentandbringinascientistfromtheresearchdivisiontobemanagerofthepurchasingdepartment.”

1causaloversimplification:

Coincidencedoesnotnecessarilyindicatecausalrelationship.

2gratuitousassumption:

Noevidenceissuppliedtosupportthattheplanningispoorandshouldberesponsibleforthedelayinmanufacturing.

3Theauthorproposesthatthemanagershouldbeappointedtothesaledepartmentbecausehisknowledgeismoresuitableforthatdepartment.Butthereisnoevidencecanshowthattheknowledgeofgeneralbusiness,psychologyansociologyisnotuselessinthedepartmentofthepurchasingofrawmaterials.

5.ThefollowingappearedinanannouncementissuedbythepublisherofTheMercury,aweeklynewspaper.

“Sinceacompetinglower-pricednewspaper,TheBugle,wasstartedfiveyearsago,TheMercury’scirculationhasdeclinedby10,000readers.ThebestwaytogetmorepeopletoreadTheMercuryistoreduceitspricebelowthatofTheBugle,atleastuntilcirculationincreasestoformerlevels.TheincreasedcirculationofTheMercurywillattractmorebusinessestobuyadvertisingspaceinthepaper.”

1falseanalogy

2allltingsareequal

3gratuitousassumption:

Onevidencecansupportthatthebestwaytogetmorereadersistoreducetheprice.Otherfactorsshouldbeconsidered.

4Thecirculationisnottheultimategoalofthenewspaper.Thebenefit-costanalysisshouldbegiven.

6.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinamagazinedevotedtoregionallife.

“CorporationsshouldlooktothecityofHelioswhenseekingnewbusinessopportunitiesoranewlocation.Evenintherecentrecession,Helios’sunemploymentratewaslowerthantheregionalaverage.Itistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,andhistoricallyithasprovidedmorethanitsshareoftheregion’smanufacturingjobs.Inaddition,Heliosisattemptingtoexpanditseconomicbasebyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.”

1作者认为应该到该地区建厂理由是这里的失业率很高。

但是却没有给出因果关系。

从常理来看这是没有道理的因为失业率高的地方可能更难雇佣到雇员从而使成本增加。

2作者认为该地区会鼓励研发，所以应该到该地区投资。

但事实上就象作者说的那样该地区是制造业中心怎么可能有很多对技术和科研很熟练的人员。

7.Thefollowingappearedinthehealthsectionofamagazineontrendsandlifestyles.

“Peoplewhousetheartificialsweeteneraspartamearebetteroffconsumingsugar,sinceaspartamecanactuallycontributetoweightgainratherthanweightloss.Forexample,highlevelsofaspartamehavebeenshowntotriggeracravingforfoodbydepletingthebrainofachemicalthatregisterssatiety,orthesenseofbeingfull.Furthermore,studiessuggestthatsugars,ifconsumedafteratleast45minutesofcontinuousexercise,actuallyenhancethebody’sabilitytoburnfat.Consequently,thosewhodrinkaspartame-sweetenedjuicesafterexercisewillalsolosethiscalorie-burningbenefit.Thusitappearsthatpeopleconsumingaspartameratherthansugarareunlikelytoachievetheirdietarygoals.”

1Insufficientsample:

Theresultoftheintakeofhighlevelaspartameisnotrepresentativeofalllevelintakeofaspartame.

2causaloversimplification:

Itisimprudenttosaythattheconsumptionofsugarcausesthebodytoburnfatatahigherspeedonlybecausetheformeroccursinfrontofthelatter.

3gratuitousassumption:

Theauthorassertsthatpeoplewhodrinkaspartamesweetenedjuicesafterexercisewilllosethecalorieburningbenefitwithoutprovidinganyevidence.

8.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofacorporatenewsletter.

“Thecommonnotionthatworkersaregenerallyapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisfalse,oratleastoutdated:

arecentlypublishedsurveyindicatesthat79percentofthenearly1,200workerswhorespondedtosurveyquestionnairesexpressedahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms.”

1surveyisdoubtful:

Detailedinformationshouldbegivensuchastheabsolutenumberofworkersofthatcorporation.

2insufficientsample:

Thecorporationisnotrepresentativeofalltheothercorporations.

3gratuitousassumption:

Itisnaturalthatworkersareinterestedinthetopicssuchascorporatestructuringanddesignofbenefitsprograms.Thistrendcannotbecitedtosupporttheauthor’sallege.

9.Thefollowingappearedintheopinioncolumnofafinancialmagazine.

“Onaverage,middle-agedconsumersdevote39percentoftheirretailexpendituretodepartmentstoreproductsandservices,whileforyoungerconsumerstheaverageisonly25percent.Sincethenumberofmiddle-agedpeoplewillincreasedramaticallywithinthenextdecade,departmentstorescanexpectretailsalestoincreasesignificantlyduringthatperiod.Furthermore,totakeadvantageofthetrend,thesestoresshouldbegintoreplacesomeofthoseproductsintendedtoattracttheyoungerconsumerwithproductsintendedtoattractthemiddle-agedconsumer.”

1Theabsolutevalueofconsumptionshouldbegivenbytheauthor.

2allthingsareequal

3Whethertheincreaseofprofitgainedbyattractingmoremiddle-agedconsumerswillbeoffset

bythereductionofprofitbecauseofthelossofyoungconsumers.

10.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.

“Thispastwinter,200studentsfromWaymarshStateCollegetraveledtothestatecapitolbuildingtoprotestagainstproposedcutsinfundingforvariousstatecollegeprograms.Theother12,000Waymarshstudentsevidentlyweren’tsoconcernedabouttheireducation:

theyeitherstayedoncampusorleftforwinterbreak.Sincethegroupwhodidnotprotestisfarmorenumerous,itismorerepresentativeofthestate’scollegestudentsthanaretheprotesters.Thereforethestatelegislatureneednotheedtheappealsoftheprotestingstudents.”

1代表学生的形成方式不知道。

如果是随机产生的，那么去反对的学生完全可以代表学生总体。

2没去的学生不一定不关心。

他们可能有更重要的事情要忙。

例如要赶回家过圣诞节。

有已经订好的寒假计划等等。

3此外，没去的学生之所以没有去很可能是因为他们觉得那些代表足可以代表他们表达心声。

legislationlegislaturelegislatorlegitimateillegitimatethestatecapitolproposedc