英语 英语阅读理解科普环保专题练习及答案.docx

英语 英语阅读理解科普环保专题练习及答案.docx

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英语英语阅读理解科普环保专题练习及答案

（英语）英语阅读理解（科普环保）专题练习（及答案）

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读理解

   KaitlinWoolleyandAyeletFishbachreportinPsychologicalSciencethatamealtaken"family-style"fromacentralplatecangreatlyimprovetheoutcomeoflaternegotiations.

   Havingconductedpreviousresearchin2017revealingthateatingsimilarfoodsledtopeoplefeelingemotionallyclosertooneanother,DrWoolleyandDrFishbachwonderedwhetherthewayinwhichfoodwasservedalsohadapsychologicaleffect.Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.

   Forthefirsttesttheyrecruited100pairsofparticipantsfromalocalcafe,noneofwhomkneweachother.Theparticipantswereseatedatatableandfedtortillachipswithsalsa.Halfthepairsweregiventheirownbasketof20gramsofchipsandabowlof25gramsofsalsa,andhalfweregiven40gramsofchipsand50gramsofsalsatoshare.Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.

   Thegameaskedtheparticipantstonegotiateanhourlywagerateduringafictionalstrike.Eachpersonwasrandomlyassignedtorepresenttheunionormanagementandfollowasetofrules.

   Theresearchersmeasuredcooperationbynotingthenumberofroundsittooktoreachanagreement,andfoundthatthosewhosharedfoodresolvedthestrikesignificantlyfaster（in8.7rounds）thanthosewhodidnot（13.2rounds）.Asimilarexperimentwasconductedwith104

participantsandGoldfishcrackers（饼干）,thistimenegotiatinganairline'srouteprices.Theresultsweremuchthesame,withthefood-sharersnegotiatingsuccessfully63.3%ofthetimeandthosewhodidnotsharedoingso42.9%ofthetime.

（1）Whatdoesthe"family-style"mealinthereportreferto？

A. Amealtakenathome.                                    

B. Amealsharedwithothers.

C. Amealconsumedbyoneself.                         

D. Amealtakeninafamilyatmosphere.

（2）Forwhatpurposedidtheresearcherscarryoutthepresentexperiments?

A. Toshowthewayfoodisserved.

B. Toprovesharingfoodincreasescompetition.

C. Toconfirmsharingfoodcanpromotecooperation.

D. Tofindoutwhethersharingfoodcangetpeoplecloseemotionally.

（3）Whywereparticipantsaskedtoeatupthesnackbeforethegame?

A. Toaddtotheirenergy.                                     

B. Torewardthemfortheirparticipation.

C. Tohidetheintentionoftheexperiment.       

D. Toavoidthedistractionduringthegame.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）C

（3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了外交宴席的心理学 ，研究表明，从中间菜采取的“家庭式”餐，可以大大改善后续谈判的结果。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.”他们形成了一套理论，认为一方面，与他人一起吃饭可能表明粮食短缺，并加强了竞争的概念。

然而，他们还推断，这种方式可能会导致人们更加了解他人的需求，从而推动合作性的行为。

可知family-style指的是与别人一起用餐，故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.” 然而，他们还推断，这种方式可能会导致人们更加了解他人的需求，从而推动合作性的行为。

出于好奇心，他们做了一系列实验。

可知选C。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.”作为实验的掩护，所有受试者都得告在游戏开始前就要吃完这些零食。

可知选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解

   Hackingisn'tjustforcomputersandsmartphones,AccordingtoastudypublishedlastweekinthejournalScience,scientistshavefoundawaytohackaplant'sgenesinordertomakeitusesunlightmorequickly.Someday,theresultscouldincreasetheamountoffoodproducedaroundtheworld.

   Photosynthesis（光合作用）isthewordusedtodescribehowplantsusesunlight,water,andcarbondioxidetomaketheirownfood.Scientistswhoconductedthenewstudysaythisisaveryslowprocess.Plantsuselessthan1percentoftheenergyavailabletotherm.Butbyhackingaplant'sgenes,thescientistswereabletoincreasetheamountofleafgrowthonplantsbetween14and20percent.

   "Specifically,scientistshackedtheplant'sprotectivesystem.Normally,thissystemisactivatedwhenaplantgetstoomuchsunlight,"saidscientistKrishnaNiyogi,co-authorofthestudy.Whentheplantsensesthelight,itgetsridofextraenergyandcreatesmoreleaves.Whentheplantisinshade,theprotectivesystemisturnedoff,buttheprocessisslow.

   StephenLongistheleadauthorofthestudy.Hecomparedaplant'sprotectivesystemtolight-adjustingglasses.Whenapersonwearstheglassesoutsideduringtheday,thelenses（镜片）darkenandlightendependingonhowsunnyitis.Plantsdothesamething,hesaid.Butinplantstheadjustmentcantakeanywherefrom10minutestoanhour.Thismakesithardforplantstogettherightamountofsunlightneededtocreatefood.

   Thenewstudyspeduptheprocess.Bychangingtheplant'sgenes,theprotectivesystemturnedonandoffmorequicklythannormal.Asaresult,leafgrowthontheplantsscientistsusedinthestudyincreased.Leafgrowthintwoplantsincreasedby20percent,whileleafgrowthonathirdplantincreasedby14percent.Scientistsconductedthestudyontobaccoplants.Buttheythinkthegeneticchangeswillproducethesameresultsincornandrice.

（1）Whatwillhappentotheplantswhenscientistschangeplants'genes？

A. Theywillbecomeweakerandweaker.           

B. Theywillgrowfasttoproducemorefood.

C. Theywillhavemorebeautifulflowers.           

D. Theywilldependlessonsunlight.

（2）Whydoestheauthormentionlight-adjustingglasses？

A. Towarnpeopleofthehotandbrightsun.

B. Toexplaintheprincipleofplants'protectivesystem.

C. Tohelpleavesoftheplantsabsorbsunlight.

D. Toservethescienceexperimentsmoothly.

（3）Inthefuture,thegeneticchangeswillbeusedto.

A. improvetobaccoplants'quality                     

B. increasetobaccoplants'leavesandroots

C. improvetheflowers'livingtime                     

D. increasetheproductionofcornandrice

（4）Whichofthefollowingcanbethethemeofthistext？

A. Hackingplantsformoreproduction              

B. Leafgrowingmorequickly

C. Doubleproductionoftobaccoplants            

D. Photosynthesisandproduction

【答案】

（1）B

（2）B

（3）D

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家通过改变植物的基因，加快光合作用的速度，使植物叶子生长迅速，从而提高植物产量。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“scientistshavefoundawaytohackaplant'sgenesinordertomakeitusesunlightmorequickly.Someday,theresultscouldincreasetheamountoffoodproducedaroundtheworld.”可知，科学家发现改变植物基因会使植物的光合作用速度加快，将来会增加全球植物的产量。

故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第四段中的“Hecomparedaplant'sprotectivesystemtolight-adjustingglasses.Whenapersonwearstheglassesoutsideduringtheday,thelenses（镜片）darkenandlightendependingonhowsunnyitis.Plantsdothesamething,hesaid.Butinplantstheadjustmentcantakeanywherefrom10minutestoanhour.”可知，作者提到镜片是为了说明植物的保护系统的工作原理与镜片相同。

故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“Buttheythinkthegeneticchangeswillproducethesameresultsincornandrice.”但是他们认为基因的改变将在玉米和水稻中产生相同的结果。

可知选D。

（4）考查主旨大意，根据文章内容可知，科学家改变植物的基因，加快光合作用的速度，使植物叶子生长迅速，从而提高植物产量。

故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

   Escapingpredators（食肉动物）,digestionandotheranimalactivities—includingthoseofhumans—requireoxygen.Butthatessentialingredientisnolongersoeasyformarinelifetoobtain,severalnewstudiesreveal.

   Inthepastdecadeoceanoxygenlevelshavetakenadive—analarmingtrendthatislinkedtoclimatechange,saysAndreasOschlies,anoceanographerattheHelmholtzCenterforOceanResearchinGermany,whoseteamtracksoceanoxygenlevelsworldwide."Weweresurprisedbytheintensityofthechangeswesaw,howrapidlyoxygenisgoingdownintheoceanandhowlargetheeffectsonmarineecosystemsare,"hesays.Itisnosurprisetoscientiststhatwarmingoceansarelosingoxygen,butthescaleofthedropcallsforurgentattention.Oxygenlevelsinsometropical（热带的）regionshavedroppedbyanastonishing40percentinthelast50years,somerecentstudiesreveal.Levelshavedroppedlesssignificantlyelsewhere,withanaveragelossof2percentglobally.

   Awarmingoceanlosesoxygenfortworeasons:

First,thewarmeraliquidbecomes,thelessgasitcanhold.Thatiswhycarbonateddrinksgoflatfasterwhenleftinthesun.Second,aspolarseaicemelts,itformsalayerofwaterabovecolder,moresaltyseawaters.Thisprocesscreatesasortoflidthatcankeepcurrentsfrommixingsurfacewaterdowntodeeperdepths.Andbecausealloxygenentersthesurface,lessmixingmeanslessofitatdepth.

   Oceananimalslargeandsmall,however,respondtoevenslightchangesinoxygenbyseekingrefugeinhigheroxygenzonesorbyadjustingbehavior,Oschliesandothersinhisfieldhavefound.Theseadjustmentscanexposeanimalstonewpredatorsorforcethemintofood-scarceregions.Climatechangealreadyposesseriousproblemsformarinelife,suchasoceanacidification,butdeoxygenationisthemostpressingissuefacingseaanimalstoday,Oschliessays.Afterall,hesays,"theyallhavetobreathe."

   Asidefromfoodwebproblems,animals